Plato Apology Essay Example for Free

Plato Apology EssayThe Apology is Platos accurate depiction of the Socrates own defense at the trial provoked by Meletus. However, besides current accusers, Socrates has to speak out to defense against former accusers who have created prejudices of him for long time. Former accusers prosecute Socrates for studying things in the sky and below the terra firma and making the worse into the stronger argument (Plato 18b-c). Moreover, Meletus, who is one of recent accusers, charges Socrates of corrupting the young and non believing in the immortals in whom the city relys, but in stark naked spiritual things (Plato 24c). The dialogue between Socrates and the jury as well as Meletus describes the true personality of Socrates and answers the question if Socrates is guilty or innocent of those charges. First, Socrates is impeach of studying things in the sky and things below the earth (Plato 23d). In this time period, Athenian people believe that gods are the ones who create and rule the world. Everyone must believe in and worship with no doubt.Therefore, if anyone tries to study and explain matters in terms of natural phenomenon instead of religious belief, he or she is immediately charged of not believing in gods and receives punishments from whole society. In this case, older accusers believe that what Socrates is doing is as same as other(a) philosophers who trying to oppose religious belief and negatively impact the society. This is reflected by the comedy of Aristophanes depicting Socrates as a person who has ability to walk on air and present a lot of other nonsense matters (Plato 19c).However, Socrates proves that he is not that type of person and he does not have any knowledge of those matters by saying I do not speak in contempt of such knowledge and asking if anyone has ever heard him discussing nearly these subjects (Plato 19d). In fact, Socrates occupation is a wisdom searcher who dedicates his feeling to find sapient men and to discuss about v irtues (Poage). Therefore, the first accusation is not true, and Socrates is not guilty because Socrates does not study things in the sky and things below earth to oppose the trust of gods.Second, the earlier accusers prosecute Socrates for making the worse into the stronger argument as globey Sophists do (Plato 18b-c). The accusers claim that Socrates is one of many Sophists who are very effectual speakers. Indeed, they have reputations for being able to convince a crowd that up is down, that day is night, that the wrong answer could be the right answer, that good is bad and bad is good, sluice that injustice is justice and justice would be made to appear as injustice (Pecorino). Furthermore, Sophists are paid for delivering speech and solitary(prenominal) care about harming debates and lawsuits more than anything else.Thus, most of them are feared and hated by Athenian people. Nevertheless, Socrates distinguish himself from Sophists by giving evidence that he livesin great po verty because of his service to the god (Plato 23b). While Sophists such as Gorgias of Leontini, Producs of Ceos, and Hippias of Elis charge fee for their services, Socrates never asks or receive money from anyone whom he approaches and asks questions regarding to wisdom and virtue. Unlike Sophists who are wealth and famous, Socrates is so poor because of his free service.In addition, Socrates intention is to help other people understand virtue and start out wiser rather than teaching them how to become good speakers as Sophists do. Therefore, Socrates is not guilty of making the worse into the stronger argument (Plato 18b-c). Another charged brought by later accusers against Socrates is corrupting the young (Plato 23d). Socrates teaches his young men be wiser and think about themselves. This annoys the Athenian government and officials because they think those young could break the laws and create rumor among the society.Hence, Meletus prosecutes Socrates for teaching the young to go against the government and emphasizes that all the Athenians make the young become mend except Socrates (Plato 25b). In order to reverse that accusation, Socrates uses example of horse breeders who are trained and have experience to take care of horses and make them better while the majority lacking of skills and knowledge cannot. As a result, it is impossible for all the Athenians to know what benefits the young. Only Socrates who has knowledge and skills is able to teach the best for the young.Moreover, Socrates indicates that no one wants to harm oneself neither does Socrates. If he intentionally corrupts the young, he is putting himself at risk because the wicked people do some harm to their impendent neighbors while good people do them good (Plato 25e). Therefore, it is impossible for Socrates to teach the young in the way to harm him. After Socrates disproves Metelus charge, he criticizes Metelus prosecuting procedure. If Socrates harms the young unintentionally, Metelus has to tucker out hold of Socrates privately, instruct and exhort Socrates (Plato 26).In contrast, Meletus brings Socrates straight to the court where the law requires one to bring those who are in need of punishment, not of instruction (Plato 26). As a result, Socrates again shows that he is not guilty. The last accusation brought against Socrates is not believing in the gods in whom the city believes, but in other new spiritual things (Plato 24c). In order to prove that Socrates does not trust in gods, Meletus states that Socrates says that the sunniness is stone, and the moon earth (Plato 26d).If Socrates does say this statement, he denies the presence of Apollo the god of the sun and the presence of Selene the goddess of the moon. Nevertheless, Socrates claims that Anaxagoras of Clazomenae is actually the one who said those matters. Moreover, Socrates catches Meletuss contradiction when he claims that Socrates does not trust in gods. To make Meletus admit his contradiction, S ocrates asks Meletus does any man believe in spiritual activities who does not believe in spirits? and Meletus answers there is no one (Plato 27c).Socrates believes in the Oracle of Delphi which is related to spiritual activities, and everyone in Athens including Meletus knows that. This means that Meletus agrees that Socrates also believe in spirits which are either gods or the children of gods (Plato 27d). Now, Meletus contradicts himself by saying Socrates believe in gods. Consequently, Socrates successfully shows Meletuss false and prove that he not guilty of the charge. In conclusion, Socrates is not guilty of the charges from the earlier accusers as well as the recent ones.Socrates provides many evidences and uses his splendiferous argument skill to prove that he is innocent, but the jury still is not convinced and sentences him to death. What Socrates does is not harmful to anyone in Athens he only try to question about wisdom and discuss about ethics in order to find the a nswer for the Oracle. Socrates teaches his students to realize that they are not wise as they thought and show them the way to better themselves by seeking more wisdom.Unfortunately, jealous people and conservative culture does not understand his elysian destiny and fallaciously accuse him like a criminal. Works Cited Pecorino, Philip A. An Introduction to Philosophy An Online Textbook. Study Web. n. d. Web. 13 July 2013. Plato. Five Dialogues Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Meno, Phaedo. 2nd ed. Indianapolis Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. , 2002. Print. Poage, Nathan. Apology Outline. behavioural Social Sciences Department. Houston Community College. n. d. Web. 13 July 2013.

The United States of America Essay Example for Free

The United States of America EssayThe year is 2039 in the United States of America. There is a new mandatory g everyplacenment law and mathematical process that requires all American citizens to adhere to. The procedure is called the Ein which is a German word that means one. The procedure changes all normal clement beings as we know them into super intelligent people and reconstructs them into beautiful beings. The process starts on an automatic escalator on which the gracious being rides, and travels from one machine to the next. The setoff machine controls the brain by using an automatic electronic head piece that descends from above onto the human head. The electronic headpiece shocks the brain and reprograms everything that is sympathetic such as emotions, empathy and creativity. After that part of the brain is completely numbed, the computer programming begins to transform the mind, turning everyone who enters into alienated, egocentric human beings. After the process is done, the human is totally dumbfounded and automatically moves to the next machine which is called the Van-Trans.To keep the human from feeling any pain, he or she is first injected with a super pain reliever and then the humans skeleton reshapes into a human box. After the person is shaped like a box, the Van-Trans start the reshaping procedure. After molding and trimming, the person is created into a supermodel form. This is a governmental standard requirement for all people to follow who resides within the United States. totally of the humans who are recreated are referred to as Supers by the government. Finally, when the procedure is finished, the Super is now allowed to exit the Machine.On one occasion after having the procedure done, at that place was a young woman who witnesses a little girl who was hurt in a car accident and she needed the young womans help. The little girl was unconscious and no one would help her because of how the required procedure affects everyone who has the procedure done. All of their emotions and compassion is removed during the procedure. Therefore, the woman just stepped business over the child having no feeling at all for the little girl. The world has been turned into a heartless society.The government has created a society that is numb to having feelings and worships their intellect and outer man. Power has become so subtle and complex a thing that only a subtle mind can be it work here it is still limited, still visible (LeGuin 5). The peoples only power is their knowledge but they use their knowledge to get over on others who are not Supers like them. Nothing succeeds like success (LeGuin 5). Works Cited LeGuin, Ursula K. The Left Hand Of Darkness. New York Walker And Company, 1969.

Problems of the Bangladesh Ready Made Garment sector Essay Example for Free

Problems of the Bangladesh Ready Made Garment field EssayIn recent time it is argued that the crisis in the Ready Made Garment (RMG) sector is not only limited to the absorbs and fees of the workers. Productions and exports of the factories have decreased and the price of the app arls is decreasing in the international market. The owners of this industry allege that, the supply of gas and electrical energy is not continuous, because of which they are to use generators to keep the production process of the factories uninterrupted, resulting in the increasing cost of productions. But it is urgent to reduce the cost of production to observe with the impertinent buyers demand and the competitive international price. Moreover, serious and untoward incidents in the form of chaos and confusions are frequent in this sector on the posterior of rumours and petty demands of the workers. It has be move into a way of frequently destroying factories by spreading news of misbehaviour of t he factory owners with the workers. Even if such allegations are true, it th at a lower place mugnot to a fault be denied that there occur frequent abnormal deaths of workers in the garments factories.Major shocking incidents like the collapse of Rana Plaza in Savar on April 24 2013 kill 1130 workers and crippling about an some other 1500 of 2438 rescued alive and with about 316 missing. Fire incidents in Tazreen Fashions in Ashulia on November 24 2012 killed at least 112 workers. It is also alleged that kidney diseases are widespread among the garments workers as they are discouraged to drink water during duty hours, since this may cause them to repeatedly go to the urinal causing a issue to work time.In fact the garments workers sweat their blood in producing garments in the factories and it is alleged that for months after months the owners do not come to the factories the factories are usually strike by the salaried officials who habitually misbehave with the hard working labourers of the factories. It is immoral to consume the fruits of the workers by sitting idle without their consent although it is usual in capitalist economy that its highest executives spend their time sitting on public committees, and have to have deputies to do their work (Lewis, W.Arthur, 1954, Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour). In the face of movements of the apparels workers for aerodynamic lift wages and other demands in 2006, the Export Development Bureau and Bangladesh Garments Manufacturers and Exporters Association (BGMEA) sources said that apparels prices in the international market are gradually falling. Available statistics utter that apparels prices increased gradually from the social class 1994-95 to 2000-01 with a slight fall in the year 1995-96 compared to the immediate past year after which price jumped.Then from the year 2001-02 prices fell continuously without break up to the last available year 2009-10 (July to November). This caused the apparels owners un imparting to accept Taka 5,000 from Tk. 1662 as minimum wage suggested in the unfermented lucre Structure 2010 for the garments workers, because this will, in their view, adversely affect the garments sector. The owners proposed Taka 2,513 as minimum wage for the second time in 2010. Afterwards political sympathies interventions made the BGMEA accept the New Wage Structure July 29 2010 with Taka 3,000 as minimum wage.If it is just, there is no question but if unjust, in that case Al Quran reads Woe unto the defrauders, those who when they coin the measure from mankind demand it full, but if they measure unto them or weigh for them, they cause them loss (Quran, 831-3). Recently, after the collapse of the Rana Plaza, the government has persistent to form a Wage Board to look after the minimum wages of the apparels workers with possible annual increases in that.The Garments Owners claim that, a certain tooshie has started hatching conspiracies to destroy t he RMG sector of the country. The external miscreants by intruding the RMG establishments in the guise of workers have started misdeeds. They are being instigated and used by certain interest quarters from outside. The concerned parties have identified six causes behind their attempts to destroy the RMG sector.These are (a) The foreign buyers recent inclination to Bangladesh, (b) The instigation of some external powers, (c) The financial aid of local influential quarters and the so called labour leaders, (d) The intrusion of the jutting outs miscreants in to the garments factories, (e) The differences of opinions of the political miscreants centering the occupation of the Jhut sector, and (f) The internal feud among the labour leaders.The genuine workers have no affiliations with these factors and the garments establishments are getting jobs these days. May be there are conspiracies to harm the RMG sector of Bangladesh. But when the disturbances in this sector erupt tens of thous ands of workers come down on the streets which are pictured in the national and international electronic and print media. It is illogical to conclude that all of them are miscreants. There may be some who fan the fire of discontents in the minds of the deprived workers.If the workers are satisfied with and had there been no serious discontents in their minds about what is going on in this sector, it would have been almost impossible to drag down on the streets tens of thousands of innocent content workers by a single or a series of mobile calls of the miscreants from out side and at the same time the disguised miscreants inside the factories could do little harm to this sector. Our habit is to expect too oft from law and law enforcing agencies. We forget that they have some natural limits to their capacities.They can at best suppress the problems for the time being but not permanently cure the actual problems prevailing in the factories. It is the owners of the factories who can p lay the pivotal role in bringing about peace in the factories by allowing the workers their cod share to their produce in the form of satisfactory wages and allowances by cutting down the excess greed for profiteering and the workers active participations in decisions making. It is not tolerable by good nose out to earn excessive profits by coercing the workers by the owners or by the purchasers of apparels by foreign rich buyers.Good sense prefers to advise the business community to ascertain a mid-course between the highest and the lowest margin of profits for success of this industry like any other industry. The garments owners will have to understand that the minimum wage of a garments worker is Taka 3,000. Actually new wage rate is basically Taka 2,000, of the remaining Taka 1,000, Taka 800 is house rent allowance and Taka 200 is medical allowance, which like other allowances are not usually included in the basic wage/pay in any other services. The minimum basic pay excludin g other allowances for a government employee is Taka 6,545). It is difficult for the workers to survive with this meagre amount of money under the prevailing high prices of mundane necessities. As a result suppressed despair and discontent is naturally there in the minds of the workers which burst out from time to time, as we see, in the factories causing unrest and disturbances. To control this is beyond the capacity of the law enforcing agencies and the government cannot and should not always shoulder such selfish interests and responsibilities of the private factory owners at ublic be even though the factory owners pay taxes. They are to solve their own problems by consoling the workers by allowing them satisfactory wages, security and congenial working environments. Governments can at best assist them in these regards. It is also alleged that, some fire international quarters are hatching conspiracies to divert the attention of the buyers from the Bangladesh apparels industr y.These interested quarters want widespread unrest should spread and prevail in this industry so that the buyers rush to them for buying apparels and become beneficiaries. Under different color the rival competing countries are deeply feeding fuel behind different movements of the garments workers to engage in destructive activities such as breaking of and torching spree to garments factories. It is also alleged that the factories which are being broken now, their wages and allowances are satisfactory, id est. he compliance factories are being mainly targeted for attack. Garments owners and exporters also allege that, in the call in of just wages for the workers some private organizations are instigating the workers to create trouble in the factories. The officials of these Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) spread discontent among the workers under different pleas and they send the news of such unrest to even different international media. Such news makes the foreign buyers wo rried in this peak period (Mach-August) and the buyers may turn their face from Bangladesh.If under such circumstances workers unrest spread wide, the garments sector will not survive. So in the prevailing circumstances, owners and exporters of apparels have been thrown into panic. The BGMEA leaders claim that, the wage payments of the workers in factories have not been stopped even in the period of international recession. They say presently it is the occupiers of Jhut trading, along with other problems, which create unrest in the garments industries not the actual workers.Leader of the Combined Garment Workers Federation (CGWF) maintains that, the problems can be solved through mutual understanding and not by shutdown down the factories. The CGWF leader indicates that there are some pending problems of the actual workers also in the garments factories. These problems are to be solved by the factory owners either individually at the factory level or collectively at the sector leve l as a whole, so that the national and international self seekers cannot utilize the innocent workers to serve their heinous designs.On the other hand, some of the privileged labour leaders of the garments industries frequently or occasionally visit versatile foreign countries under the patronage of some interested national and international quarters. They have amassed huge amount of money and property and ride costly cars. They are also accused of blackmailing both the factory owners and the workers of this sector and causing disturbances that erupt from time to time in this successful sector of the Bangladesh economy.However, we want an end to the recently become shaky condition of the Bangladesh RMG sector and it to stand erect with factory owners own consciousness and sense of responsibility and active surveillance and assistance of the government to this vital sector directly employing 4. 0 million workers, 20 million people indirectly depending on it and earning about US$19 billion foreign exchange per annum amounting to about 78% of total foreign exchange earnings of the economy, so that it does not has to accept the fate of the once prosperous jute industry of the country.

The Concept Of Global Governance

The Concept Of planetary GovernanceThis essay seeks to examine how the concept of military personnelwide government activity as has find a key emerge in solving spheric problems. The essay allow for start by introducing the concepts of orbicular governance using polar readings, lectures, Journals and my personal view regarding the issue. The first persona of the essay will illustrate the get hold of of international governance as required for global solution, and the second section will examine some censure/ contends on implementation of global governance. Finally, the author will draw a conclusion based on review findings.The concept of global governance has become a controversial idea in academic and worldwide world today. For the last devil decades the notion was mainly focus on political theory overview, however, the meaning has become broader and it includes further disciplines. Pattberg and Dingwerth (2006188) accept that, the meaning of global governance stem s mainly from the fact that the concept is evoked not unaccompanied where governance in the sense in which it has been introduced in political theory is at issue, but also in a variety of further contexts. In this regards, it evaluates that the idea of global governance it relevant link with highly political processes, focused on office, legitimacy authority, nation, though which increasing of market liberalisation and poverty reduction programmes nates be addressed as global issue.In addition Pattberg and Dingwerth (2006187) state that, global governance perspective idler be defined in two major part namely normative and analytical uses. Normative use, is explained as political programme, global governance is not so much an empirical or analytical term as it is political concept that capture a vision of how societies should address the most pressing global problem. The above definition emphasise that, global governance as political programme does not provide the consideration on the different extending problem it focus on political struggle, brotherly transformation, democracy, ability and rule of law. At this point in time global governance is unagitated more vision than description of actual state of the inter internal state (ibid.2006194).On the other hand, analytical uses (observable phenomenon) level of implementation and pursuit of goals is very crucial for the process of global governance, globose governance is conceived to include transcription of rule at all levels of human employment from the family to the foreign organisation. (ibid.2006189) In generally, this perspective insists that, the level of implementation of global governance is very essential and basin be determined from family to international level. indeed, the term global does not directly mean only global in nature, but also the need to emphasise solving problems in state, regional and international levels is very needed.In generally, Global governance is understood as the way of solving globally problems. Most literatures let out this concept as a process of finding the solution to existing problems globally. Whitman (20098) presss that, global governance suffices to outline the scope of global governance as an activity Efforts to bring more orderly and reliability to social and political issues that argon beyond the capacity of states to address unmarriedly. The above definition it evaluates that, the notion of global governance is an instrument or tools which is based on facing of emerging global problems, hence individual states may not alone solve the existing or emerging humanitarian and political problems.Different with above scholars, many writes explain that, global governance is a process which is less integrated with global solution. Murphy. (2000 791) accepts that, global governance widely accepted, instance of the moral insufficiency of contemporary global governance. This situation evaluate that, global governance demonstrating th at, the process is insufficient to provide global solution due to exiting international institutional fail to take an immediate responds on humanitarian crisis. Example the 1994 Rwanda genocide, UN had enforced the Tusi military stopped massacre at early stage.Furthermore, global governance has less correlation with globalisation process, hence it has extended the gap on democratic procedure and economic interactions and balance of power between poor and rich countries. Murphy. (2000791). global-level governance is less concerned with globalisations undermining of substantive democracy and more concerned with the consequences of an unregulated world. Therefore, it analysis that, the process of globalisation is profane democratic procedure at national level at same time global governance is not effective in address national level issue.In my view, I agree with Halabis view (200423) that global governance is an attempt to manipulate the forces of globalisation, mitigate globalisation s negative personal effects due to globalisation is the is an exogenously disposed(p) factor that does not automatically lead to global governance in the same way that anarchy in the international system does not necessary lead to cooperation among state.(ibid 23).Therefore the existing globally problem namely, international crime, and environmental batchs, human immunodeficiency virus/Aids and adaptive mutation, international migrations, all these problems requires global rules and global actors. therefore the roaring of this process needs correlation from different actors. Whitman (200912) accepts that, different actors states most prominently international law and organisation regional organisations the scientific and medical communities and non-governmental and commercial organisation. Conversely, peoples conjunction from different levels is very is very crucial in order to solve social, economic and political problem, in pursuing globally development.Why the need for Glob al GovernanceAs it mentioned above the meaning of global governance has become broader. Global governance can accelerates the pace of process of globalisation by using international institutions link with social economic and political field. Halabi (200424) agreed that, global governance is an attempt to administer globalization and resolve dispute between states so that developing as well as developed countries can purse wealth under constructed structure of their own choice. In this regards, it is argue that, the existing internationally problems needs globally interferences rather than individual state action, in different level Individual states can empower the international actors to address the existing challenges. Indeed, Whitman (20091) accepts that HIV/AIDS pandemic climate change criminal and terrorist network and nuclear weapons these are regarding as global crises which require global attention rather individual states.Since 1980s the concept of global environmental and climate changes is considered as one among the policy of global governance, due to its effects and challenges resulting from on it. In addition Halabi (200424) argue that, environmental changes such as global warming have occurred as a result of excessive utilization of resources and pollution. In this regards, global environmental change has been the result of technological and industrial developments which poses threat to leaves world. In other words, the effects of climate change is increasing the destruction of productive area, and causing and hazards around the world by increasing carbon dioxide, emission of sea production and other natural resources.As a tool and instrument, global governance it enhances representativeness of political processes, conventions and accountability by different actors like UN (United Nations) Human Right Institutions, ICC (international Court of Criminal) Security Council and civil society by monitoring and evaluating international security, and f ighting different crimes international crime such as terrorism , and development nuclear weapons and sale of small arms which have led to increased is conflicts, genocide and other effects in different part of the world. As Mehta(200701) point out, the world security situation is more dangerous now that during the cold war, there are perpetual vehemence in Iraq, and Afghanistan, tension of looming attack on Iran and terrorist organisation acquiring nuclear weapons. In other word, without security council and UN to impose global rule which will governed and save the people especially vulnerable and innocent and group including women and children. Consequently, will be devastating also both developing and developed countries continue to blow over more budgets in military rather then in social and development programmes which has negative consequences in society. Global Governance is needed to reverse these trends. many a(prenominal) writers have argued that global trade is one area in which a global solution is needed. At currently, the main regulator of international trade realness Trade Organisation (WTO). However, this institution is being criticized for favouring the developed world and rather discriminating against developing countries in terms of its policies and practices such as subsidies and fair trade in the global market. Whitman(20092) notes that, global trade is regulated by international and agreements, most notably the WTO, these regulations are problematic in practical ways and are a certainly highly contentious in political terms, but trade is a dynamic features of way of life, not problem that can be lick. As a matter of fact, there is a big gap between developing countries and industrial countries which constrains trade between them. Developing countries are still facing implementation problems of the regulations including high tariffs, productivity, and production function and income distribution.ChallengesThis essay has assessed the nee d for global governance to find out why should now we speak of global solution in international political economy field. Global governance as process linking with globalisation, it speed up solving globally problem, international regulation of laws and enhance development around the world, It is still is debatable process, relation of development particular in developing countriesHowever, it is still is a debatable process, particularly in relation to development in developing countries. There are different challenges which are facing the process and practice of global governance. These challenges areFirstly, the main challenge is domination of actors in implementation of this process. It is still confusing and it is believed that, the concept global means only dominants of powerful actors like G8 and G20. According to Mehta, (20074), the G8 (France, United Kingdom, Germany, USA, Japan, Italy, Canada and Russian), initially concentrating on economic matters are now in a sense repres entative of world community, and yet playing a powerful role in guiding the response to international challenges. This indicates that, in economic point of view, G8 as the powerful act as one institution regulates and guide world economic procedures. Hence the correlation between global governance and the poor and rich countries is to large extent, less comprehensible due to existing hierarchy of dominant and subordinate states.On the hand, the existence of unilateral power is one among the constraints for implementing global governance. The question is global governance, of, by and for whom? Whitman, (2009 1). The unilateral mode is being led by powerful States only Besides including Security Council solution. Mehta (20073) state that, The US, under the guise of finding weapons of mass destruction (WMD) in Iraq, led a unilateral invasion on the unsophisticated without an explicit security Council authorityConclusionTo sum up, this paper has argued that, there is the need for glob al solution as perspective of international relation discipline, from a certain point of view, the existing situation of the global solving problem it remain is unsatisfactory to provide the clear picture of the meaning of global governance. Hence there is further need for international agencies and individual states to take purposeful actions to generate responsiveness on informing the meaning of global governance and how it can be implemented. Not only that changing of mind of people, states, civil societies and other actors about the fact that existing international problems can only be solved by global institutions it is also important to recognise that no individual or state can solve its problems entirely without interaction between different partners.Also, the essay has established that the practice of the processes of global governance today has biases between the dominant and subordinate states in different areas such as international trade, security, and finance, and democ racy hence the urgent need for all actors to work together in order to reduce challenges which hinder implementation of global governance processes.Furthermore, there is the need to the global community to minimize if not completely subdue unilateral rule in the implementation of global governance, processes since this rather creates physical and structural violence resulting in negative effects on vulnerable groups, including women and children.Finally, there is the urgent tasks of international agencies including ILO, World Bank, IMF, WTO, UN, civil societies, and individual states to work in a matching manner to help developing countries meet all the MDGs goals and ensure peace, protection for human rights and reduction of climate change impacts at national, regional and international levels Global governance thus have an important role in ensuring this happen in addition to creating a peaceful nuclear free global community.

Definition Of Test Types Of Test Education Essay

Definition Of Test Types Of Test Education EssayThis chapter provides an overview of the theories colligate to the study concerning with decimal points campaign abstract. To be more specific, the review of related literature discusses active definition of scrutiny, types of stressing, adroitness test, additive test, face test of Tes Kendali Mutu, aspects in developing a test, validity in words examination, substance validity, the school ground curriculum, items test analysis, difficulty train, discrimination power, distractor function, and theoretical framework.Definition of TestA test supposed to be fitted to evaluate learning kayoedcome which distinguish the on the whole(prenominal) single students ability between students already mastered and not yet the learning material. Therefore, testing is unmatchable of the powerful tools to measure students abilities as well as enhance their attitudes towards learning. This notion is supported by Hughes (2003) give ton gue to that a test is a tool to measure language proficiency of students. Brown (20043) declared that a test is a method of bill a persons ability knowledge, or per take a shitance in a stipulation domain. In the same line, Anthony J Nitko (19836) specify test is systematic procedure for observing and describing one or more characteristics of person with the aid of either a numerical of category system. Based on Cronbach in Azwar (2005) defined a test is a systematic procedure for observing a persons behavior and describing it with the aid of a numerical scale or category system.In short, a test as an instrument of evaluation is a systematic procedure of description, collection and interpretation in order to measure the test takers achievement ability, knowledge, and performance what they pee been learned in learning fulfill and to get a value judgment. The purpose of a test is able to give the valid information on the students abilities and knowledge. Hence, the successfulness of the teaching and learning can be recovern in the tests results.Types of TestA test can be classified based on the types of information they provide. Based on Wilmar Tinambunan in his book with the entitled Evaluation of Students accomplishment (1998 7-9), the four types of test ar musical arrangement test, formative test, diagnostic test, and summative test. The language tests have different kinds of purposes. Baily (1998) hold that there atomic number 18 eight kinds of language assessment. They are aptitude test, language potence test, proficiency test, admission test, placement test, diagnostic test, progress test, and achievement test.Based on different classification of some(prenominal) types of tests described from any experts of language testing depending on variable purposes in testing if related to this study that the types of tests that will be reviewed and used is achievement test and summative test.Achievement TestAchievement test are directly related to langua ge courses, their purposes being to establish how successful individual students, groups of students, or the courses themselves have been achieving objectives. In the book of Dictionary of words Teaching and Applied Linguistics that written by Jack C. Richard (19923), he express that an achievement test is a test which measures how much of a language someone has learned with reference to particular course of study or program of instruction. In the same line, Brown (2004) defined an achievement test is to see how faraway students achieve materials addressed in a curriculum within a particular time frame. It way of life that an achievement test is to measuring students achievement learning outcome which is administered at the end of course of study. The scope of test nitty-gritty must that represents the course they are concerned.Summative TestSummative test is an achievement test administrated at the end of a course or unit of instruction. Brown (2004) mentioned that final exam in a course is poser of summative test. Summative test is intended to show the standard that the students have now reached in relation to other students at the same stage. Thus summative test is conducted to find out overall learning outcome after set of learning units program already done. Summative test is commonly designed based on subject matter that had been already taught for one semester. Consequences of a test that emphasize the overall learning outcomes is its substance of scope involve all of material have been delivered. The result of summative test is to determine successful in learning and teaching, whether or not the students are able to follow the high level of next instruction program, and students progress. In the final, the level of success rate is stated with a score or value which written in the form of report card.English test of Tes Kendali MutuTes Kendali Mutu is a name of appliance evaluates administered at SMKN 26 capital of Indonesia after teaching and l earning process for measuring how far purpose of students learning and instructors teaching achievement reached. As in final semester examination, according to ruler Minister of National Education No. 20/2007, it is carried out to measure students competency achievement at the end of the semester. It can be said that Tes Kendali Mutu is administrated at each final in learning and teaching process in the period one semester and its scope includes all the indicators that represent all the basic competence at that semester. All groups of subject are tested in order to evaluate learning outcome including an English subject. The format of English test of Tes Kendali Mutu of initiatory grade school year 2011/2012 at SMKN 26 Jakarta is written test with objective multiple choice items. Total number English items test of Tes Kendali Mutu is 50 items test which including listening and reading acquirement. Listening skill consists of 15 items test number and reading skill consists of 35 i tems test number. In reading skill, there are three reading section which consists of first section was 15 incomplete short dialogue items second section was 5 items error recognition and third section was 15 questions of reading learning which divided into different 5 of reading texts.Aspects in Developing a TestIn order to know criteria of a good test for measuring students ability has been reached in learning process, a test as an instrument of evaluation has to meet requirements the validity, reliability, and practicality. As stated by Brown (2004), there are three important aspects should reflect in a test, namely validity, reliability, and practicality. Gronlund (1998) pointed out that validity is the extent to which inferences made from assessment results are appropriate, meaningful and useful in terms of the purpose of the assessment. Validity has to do with the information that the uses in class, it has to be appropriate for the students level, the purpose of the class, an d if the meaning of the materials used in class are for the students. In term of achievement test, it can be valid if it is accurate, authentic or valid has been able to measure students learning outcomes achieved, after they achieved the learning process in a certain period. Reliability is consistent and dependable. A test is called reliable if the same test is given to the same students on two different net and its tests should yield similar results. Practicality means an effective test. A test should be efficient and slatternlyto be implemented. Since the focus of analysis was merely on one aspect of language test, it did not require to be observed as in the other aspects as reliability and practicalityValidity in dustup testValidity is the most important characteristic of a test or assessment technique because it measures what it purports to measure. Without good validity, all else is lost. In the J.B. Heatons book, Writing English Language Test (1998153), Heaton said that the validity of a test is the extent to which it measures what it is supposed to measure and nothing else. For example, if the teacher wants to measure the speaking skills, the test that is developed must be able to measure the ability to speak, not writing skills. Further, as insisted by Gronlund in Brown (2004 22) the extent to which inferences made from assessment result are appropriate, meaningful, and useful in terms of the purpose of the assessment. There is no final absolute to measure the validity of a test established but several different kinds of evidence may be invoked in support. Arikunto (200665) mentioned two types of validity. They are empirical validity and logical validity. Empirical validity is as same as quantitative analysis. It consists of concurrent validity and predictive validity whereas the logical validity consists of topic validity and construct validity.However, the writer only focused its investigating on centre validation because this study dealt wit h logical validity that is a way of reviewing in rational by using descriptive analysis method and therefrom got involved with qualitative inquiries. Beside, because of the limitation in time and the other aspects in validity need the expert judges.Content ValidityA test has content validity that relates the evidence to the content of the test. The content is related to the goal of what has been taught. Fulcher Davidson (2007) defined content validity as any attempt to show that the content of the test is a representative sample from the domain that is to be tested. In the same line, Hughes (2003) said that a test is said to have content validity if its content constitutes a representative sample of language skills and structures, etc. with which meant to be concerned. For example, a grammar tests, it must be made up of items relating to the knowledge or control of grammar.In relation to tests content validity in this study, tests content should be tested in accordance with the ta rget competencies which reflected on Standar Kompetensi-Kompetensi Dasar in view of the school based curriculum to be achieved. These Standar Kompetensi-Kompetensi Dasar broken down into skills or behaviors that can be measured called indicator. In short, content validity is arranged based on the content in subject that evaluated. Because those subjects are taught written in curriculum, it can be often called curricular validity.According to John A. Upshur (199663), content-related evidence of validity is assessed logically by carefully and systematically examining whether the method and content of the assessment procedure are representative of the kinds of language skill. It means that evidence of content-related validity requires the panel discussion as primary method to determine whether a test has content validity or not. In the panel discussion, the expert judges who considered having knowledgeable to do with the subjects tested. They asked to make judgments about the appropria teness of each item and overall coverage of the domain.The crop Based CurriculumAs cited in the National Education Standards (SNP) section 1 (15), School Based Curriculum is operational curriculum that developed and implemented by each educational unit. The developing of curriculum conducted by each educational unit has to follow based on the standard competence and the basic competence which is designed by Badan Standar Nasional Pendidikan (BSNP). It means that each educational unit is given the authorities in developing their curriculum. Its curriculum is designed as a reference in using the materials, teaching and learning techniques. Based on Regulation Minister of National Education no. 41/2007, The standard competence means minimum competency qualification for student which show mastery of knowledge, behavior, and skill of student which expected to be achieved in each level and/or each semester of certain subject whereas the basic competence means as a number of abilities tha t should be mastered by students in certain subject as a reference in developing indicator of competency.Based on the school based curriculum, the standard competences and the basic competences of English in Vocational High School is divided into three different level which are level novice, level elementary, and level intermediate. In relation to this study, there is one Standard Competence and eight Basic Competences of English in Vocational High School for Level Novice. The Standard Competence is Berkomunikasi dengan Bahasa Inggris setara Level Novice. Then, the eight Basic Competences of English in Vocational High School for Level Novice are 1.1 Memahami ungkapan-ungkapan dasar pada interaksi sosial untuk kepentingan kehidupan 1.2 Menyebutkan benda-benda, orang, ciri-ciri, waktu, hari, bulan, dan tahun 1.3 Mendeskripsikan benda-benda, orang, ciri-ciri, waktu, hari, bulan, dan tahun 1.4 Menghasilkan tuturan sederhana yang cukup untuk fungsi-fungsi dasar 1.5 Menjelaskan secara sed erhana kegiatan yang sedang terjadi 1.6 Memahami memorandum dan menu sederhana, jadwal perjalanan kendaraan umum, dan rambu-rambu lalu lintas 1.7 Memahami kata-kata dan istilah asing serta kalimat sederhana berdasarkan rumus and 1.8 Menuliskan undangan sederhana.The English subject itself put in the adaptive group that provides students the ability in the English chat in the context of material related to the majors need either spoken or written. Also, English subject also directs students to be able in speaking in daily communication based on global requirement and developing communication at higher level. As stated in the curriculum that English subject look for the learners to master basic knowledge and skills to support the achievement of English language competency skills program and apply skills and mastery of English language skills to communicate both verbally and written at the intermediate level.Items Test AnalysisThe activity aims at increasing quality of a test called item test analysis. Nitko (1996308) stated that item analysis refers to the process of collecting, summarizing, and using information about individual test items especially information about pupils response to items. Item test analysis is used to identify quality of the test whether it is good, low or not good. As stated by Anastasi and Urbina (1997184), the main aim of item analysis of the teacher made test is to identify its deficiencies. In conducting item test analysis, two methods are able to be used, namely qualitative and quantitative analysis. As stated by Suyata (200916), items test can be analyzed by quantitative or empirical and qualitative or theoretical. Item test analysis in terms of qualitative covers the content of a test while difficulty level, discrimination power and distractors function involved quantitative analysis. In the same line, Purwanto (1992) said that by making analysis, it can be known the important things of every single item obtained, the extent to which difficulty level, whether item has discrimination power, and whether all option closure (options) attract the answer. The more explanation about difficulty level, discrimination power, and distractors function are as below difficultness LevelAiken (1994 66) said that Difficulty Level is the opportunity correct answer a question at a certain skill level. It is normally expressed in the form of an powerfulness which has isotropy range 0,00 1,00. If the item test has 0,00 of Difficulty Level Index, it means that no students who answer correctly. While if the item test has 1,00 of Difficulty Level Index, it means that student can answer correctly. In short, the higher of Difficulty Level Index, the easier of item test is tacit and vice versa. Based on Crocker Algina (1986) in compute the item difficulty, divide the number of people answering the item correctly by the total number of people answering item. The proportion for the item is usually denoted as P and is called ite m difficulty. Arikunto (2006207) explained that a good test is about not too easy or too difficult. The easy test is not able to stimulate students learning. Contrary, the difficult test is able to make students desperate because of out of their reach.As cited by Departemen Pendidikan Nasional, Direktorat Jendral Manajemen Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah, Direktorat Pembinaan Sekolah Menengah Atas (2008) in Panduan Analisis Butir Soal,The prediction information about the easy item test is as followThe distractor function doesnt work well,Most students answer those item tests correctly it means most students have understood the content in question.The prediction information about the difficult item test is as followItem tests maybe have mistake a light upon answer,Item tests have two or more the correct answers,The content in question hasnt been taught yet or hasnt finished in its learning so that the minimum competency student have doesnt achieved yet,Unsuitable measured content usin g format given in the item test,Statement or item sentence is too complex and long. inequality PowerDiscrimination Power refers to measurement of the extent of the ability of items of achievement test to distinguish between students high answers and students low answers based on criteria. This notion is supported by Arikunto (2006211), Discrimination Power is items ability to distinguish between students who are good and low capable. The proportion range of Discrimination Power Index is from -1,00 to +1,00. The higher of Discrimination Power Index, the more capable the item test distinguish between students who had already understood and hadnt already understood the content. An item test has negative Discrimination Power Index (As cited by Departemen Pendidikan Nasional, Direktorat Jendral Manajemen Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah, Direktorat Pembinaan Sekolah Menengah Atas (2008) in Panduan Analisis Butir Soal,The prediction information about deterioration item test to distinguish l ower and upper student group is as followInappropriate key answer of itemItem tests have two or more the correct answersUnclear of measured competencyThe distractor function doesnt work well,The content in question is too difficult, so umpteen students are guessing.Distractors FunctionDistractor function is meant to know work or not the answer of item. Arikunto (2006220) stated a distractor function works well if it at leastselected 5% by test taker. This analysis is only used to analyze multiple choice item tests.Theoretical FrameworkIn order to answer the research questions of this study, English items test analysis of Tes Kendali Mutu of first grade school year 2011/2012 at SMKN 26 Jakarta is reviewed in terms of (1) the relevance of English items tests content to the school based curriculum for level novice of Vocational High School (2) validity (3) difficulty level (4) discrimination power and (5) the distractor function. In relation to tests content validity in this study, qu alitative analysis is used by analyzing items test in reference to the aspects of test validity. Measuring the validity of a test, the English items test of Tes Kendali Mutu must contain proper sample of relevant material in learning. The relevant material in learning can be found in the syllabus and curriculum for level novice of Vocational High School which is School-based Curriculum (KTSP). In order to answer whether English test of Tes Kendali Mutu has content validity, the writer needs Standar Kompetensi and Kompetensi Dasar in the school based curriculum to compare and match its items with the relevant syllabus and curriculum.Furthermore, in order to support in answering the research question of this study, quantitative was conducted by using classical items test analysis through multiple choice test involving Difficulty Level, Discrimination Power, Distractor Function, and Validity. They are also considered to fulfill requirement criteria of quality a good test.

Essay example --

What do I want to be when I grow up?What is answer to that question lies in some self-evaluation. What are my strengths and what are my weaknesses? What do I love to do and what I hate doing with my time. What would be realistic in the next maybe 60-70 years, possibly even more life that I have life left? Do I want structure mighty tall towers that touch the sky? Do I want to get away tens of billions of dollars of peoples money? Do I want to be an artist? Do I want to start my own successful enterprises? Or, lead I fall into p overty, wage slavery, financial misery, and do nothing? Do I just sit there with student loan debt and not start action. Do I let my time to be spent in a matter I would not like, but forced so? So, legion(predicate) questions, so many possible answers to interpret, let us consider some ultimate goals that have many ways to fortune, happiness, and success. First what do I, not anyone else, consider a success to be? Does it mean fame, power, and influence? Does it mean secrecy and peaceful. It depends on which one gives me the most utility of my life. I consider one is a success is to have control over time, to not have being dependent on anyone. I do have to put work over everyone else. If I could I could just walk off the job if I wanted and not have to worry about my standard of living press release down. That presents a choice for me today, what do I have to sacrifice today to achieve tomorrows results and goals? Can I careless about debt and echo up the cash register for little toys that are going to be worthless in the future? Besides the fact of student loans, will I take out auto loans, go into credit card debt, and lose precious years of compounding to debt? All of the years that I will take away for paying debt for l... ...icked a job and give a surmise of it. But, I am purposely being opaque. It just makes life all the better for me. It leaves for the lector (including the writer that is reading the text as he writes) to decide. Clearly there is a road that I am going down, which lane I am going down is to be known later. The basic topic of this essay is what you want to be when you grow up. Frankly, I will never stop growing. I might have some roles when I am growing up. While others fear about age, I love what it can bring. Ubiquitous thinking, eh, so as the writing goes to formal to causal to formal again, I will not recap what we learned. It is far easier for the reader to flip back to first three pages. Saves me a whole lot of time too, and time is a precious currency. This essay was started at 535am 7/25/13 and finished around 8 am that day.I hope you have a wonderful day

American Intervention in Cuba and Puerto Rico Essay -- American Histor

End notes are missing from the makeup.To Secretary of State John Hay, the Spanish-American War was a splendid humble war, one that would bring tremendous benefit to those fortunate colonies liberated from Spain. For those places where the Spanish were forcibly expelled, there was nothing splendid around either about the war or its aftermath. To state simply that war is hell and that change is disruptive is merely to state the obvious. Beyond this, some(prenominal) U.S. historians cast characterized the results of U.S. intervention and accompanying occupation of Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines as a bequest, an opportunity to enjoy previously unknown individual liberties, political self-determination and potential economic prosperity. Other historians have characterized the actions of the United States as nothing short of exploitative imperialism, designed to subjugate those who it considered inferior to a state of political and economic servitude.What is clear is that, in Cuba and Puerto Rico, some viewed the American involvement initially as a positive development. What is equally apparent is that after the war and over time, these pro-American attitudes soured considerably. There were many reasons for this development. Leaving the economic, sociological, and psychological examinations of this large issue to other more ambitious endeavors, this paper aims to explore the way in which the intervention and occupation disrupted and complicate the normal political construction of Cuba and Puerto Rico. Also, in an effort to avoid the larger historiographical debate, political developments will be presented simply in response to conditions. The premise of this paper is that, intentionally or otherwise, the U.S. intervention and subseque... ...s E., Cuba 1933Prologue to Revolution. 1972 Cornell University Press, N.Y. Carrion, Arturo Morales, Puerto Rico, A Political and Cultural History., 1983 WW Norton, N.Y., N.Y. Foner, Philip S., The Spanish-Cuban-Ame rican War and the Birth of American Imperialism, Volume 2, (1898-1902), 1972 Monthly Review Press, N.Y., N.Y. Knight, Franklin W., The Caribbean, The Genesis of a fragmentize Nationalism. 1990 Oxford University Press, N.Y., N.Y. Maldonado-Denis, Manuel, Puerto Rico A Socio-Historic Interpretation. 1972 Random House, N.Y., N.Y. Perez, Louis A., Cuba Under The Platt Amendment, 1902-1934. 1986 University of Pittsburgh Press, Pa. Suchlicki, Jamie, The Political Ideology of Jose Marti from Beckles, Hilary and Verene Shepherd, Caribbean Freedom Economy and Society from Emancipation to the Present. 1996 Marcus Wiener, Princeton, N.J.