Workplace Bullying An Today s Society - 2081 Words

Workplace Bullying: An Over-Reaction in Today’s Society Torrie Palmer Southeastern Oklahoma State University Abstract Workplace bullying is a hot button topic in today’s society. Bullying is a subjective term, but is most widely known as using one’s strength to intimidate, control, discourage, or just be plain mean to a weaker individual. There is a huge over-reaction to bullying in today’s society, and it is a manifestation of people in America being too sensitive and easily offended. The purpose of this paper is not to defend or condone bullying, but to explain how it is often exaggerated, taken out of context, and the result of having a victim mentality in the workplace. You Can Handle the Bully Yourself Bullying can escalate to violence, discrimination, threats, and threatening actions. These things are illegal, and employees are protected by law from these acts in the workplace. This paper is focused on bullying alone and not the escalating actions bullying can lead to. Bullying is harmful, unproductive, and not good for anybody, but it is a part of life that will never go away. Many people in today’s society will experience some form of bullying in the workplace. Not everyone you meet will be nice to you, like you, care about your feelings and self-esteem, or want you to succeed. Harsh, mean words can only affect you if you allow them to do so. Do not allow yourself to be put down by the negative comments of otherShow MoreRelatedEmbracing Diversity Eth/1251596 Words   |  7 PagesResearch Essay Kevin S. McGhee ETH/125 Week Nine Embracing Diversity It is said that by 2050, the population of the United States will increase by 82 % if current trends continue as they are. It is also states that of that increase in the population that 50 million will be immigrants and another 67 million will be of natural immigrants that are now citizens. Jeffrey Passel and D Vera Cohn (2008). With the current bias, and prejudice attitude toward ethnic groups. 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It causes people to have low self esteem, depression, loneliness, suicidal thoughts,making them not want to go to school anymore, anger and hurt, and many more causes.Bullying isn t only hard for the victim it is hard as well for those who are surrounded by the victim.Most teachers and parents who are trying to fix or solve the bullying can t do it in just one step. They have to detect what type of bullying it isRead MoreRacism : Some Call It A Disease1153 Words   |  5 Pagescall it a â€Å"disease†, some consider it a way of life, and others want it to be gone. Racism has been around for centuries as a sensitive controversial topic among Americans. Racism comes from way back when before I was born and it shocks me that it s still a popular subject in this day an age. It has been brought to the countries attention and has gotten better, but hasn’t vanished and still remains. Everyone views racism differently and have different reasons to why racism may be present in theirRead MoreNurse Turnover Rate Among Registered Nurses1332 Words   |  6 Pagesturnover does not have a universal meaning, consequently making it difficult to associate turnover rates in healthcare facilities and geographical areas. In all actuality, â€Å"Nurse turnover is an undesirable trend for healthcare employers. It s expensive, it s disruptive, and it threatens the quality of care and patient safety† (Kovner, Brewer, Fatehi, and Jun (2014). All thro ughout America healthcare organizations demand a steady, extremely trained and completely engaged nursing staff to provideRead MorePersuasive Essay On Anti Bullying1351 Words   |  6 Pagesstudents are victims of bullying each year. Approximately 160,000 teens skip school every day because of bullying. Anti-bullying strategies used by schools are not successful because there always bullying in schools due to one who feel superior, it would give a child unrealistic perception of power and control, and will try to deflect attention from the fact that they are struggling. Anti-bullying strategies used by schools are not successful because there always bullying in schools due to maintainRead MoreBullying Is The Act Of Aggressive And Unwanted Behavior1351 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is bullying? Bullying is the act of aggressive and unwanted behavior that involves intimidating and/or physically harming another person. Among school age children, bullying involves a power imbalance of the stronger attacking the weaker. Children who are victims of bullying often feel alone and powerless to change their situation. When a child is bullied he can feel isolated, and clinical depression and low self-confidence may develop. As a parent, you may not realize that your child is beingRead MoreUnderstanding The Cultural Difference Of Business Communication1444 Words   |  6 Pagesessay, the writer will describe the importance of understanding the cultural difference in business communication. Further, the writer also emphasizes on the three major issues that is comm only forgotten, such as Cross cultural communication issues, workplace etiquette issues, and organizational hierarchy. In addition, the writer then gives an example of the company who fails to understand the cultural difference in an organization or businesses. First of all, cross cultural communication issues areRead MoreJose Resendez. Eng 102.009. 1 May. 2017. Final Essay. The1443 Words   |  6 Pagesmobile devices has played a significant role in the widespread development of social media by facilitating the access to these sites. 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Capitalism in Early America Essay - 1330 Words

Capitalism in Early America Many different people have defined capitalism over the years. It has been defined as a political entity, economic entity and as a social entity. Max Weber and Karl Marx argue different theories concerning the emergence of capitalism. While it is unsure whether the economic system emerged first or the cultural values and ideology that allowed for the formation of capitalism emerged first, one thing is for certain, capitalism is tied to cultural values and ideology. This essay will explore the social changes that capitalism caused in early America by discussing: violence; crowds, mobs, and committees; food riots and price controls; the American Revolution; and the Constitution. . The adverse effect on†¦show more content†¦Other examples of violence fueled by capitalism include the destruction of the home of Mr. Hutchinson in Boston during the Stamp Act Rebellion. Bostonians did not want to pay the stamp tax imposed by British law. The taxes were being used to fund the Engli sh military. Colonists had become engrossed in supporting their own lifestyles in America and did not want to pay for the king’s war. Therefore, anyone who happened to be pro-British, as Hutchinson was, became open to hostilities and attacks. Hutchinson was also a wealthy, powerful government official. This made him a prime target. The coordinated effort of the Stamp Act Rebellion in Boston also marked the formation of a new social entity: crowds and committees. Foner discusses the use of crowds as forms of protest to the condition in which people were living. Such conditions included heavy taxes and poverty. The formations of crowds were a direct results of capitalism. One of the best examples of the impact of crowds is the Hutchinson case. The wealthy men of Boston came together to form a committee called the Sons of Liberty. They were very much against the heavy taxes being levied in the colonies to pay for the king’s war. These men wanted to keep their wealth, not hand it over to the king and his men. To surrender this money meant surrendering power as well, since money had already become the real source of power. These men were well aware of the influences of wealth and power. The Sons of LibertyShow MoreRelatedThe Rise Of Capitalism And Capitalism1711 Words   |  7 PagesThe Rise of Capitalism as a worldwide phenomenon Capitalism is one of the most commonly practiced economic systems in the world, and thus it is widely considered a global phenomenon. It is based upon the single objective of accumulating more and more wealth. However, capitalism would not be so popular, or even exist, had it not been for several global pressures at that time. 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Hierarchical Analysis of Industries Free Essays

Hierarchical Analysis of Industries Classes, categories, forms, brands Product hierarchy is a term which defines the way a product is relative to other products in the same industry. It guides the path and process a consumer takes to determine the products we choose and we eventually purchase. To start off we look at a basic need that our ultimate choice serves. We will write a custom essay sample on Hierarchical Analysis of Industries or any similar topic only for you Order Now After we identify the need and determine which industry will satisfy it we are faced with decisions. Which class of products in that industry will deliver that type of product? The different classes all serve a need that is relative to each other but may not serve the specific need. This is where we identify which category of product we are looking for. Here we will find products that serve similar functions and may be marketed to the same customer groups. To further narrow down our choices we must then select a product form that may serve a specific function. This is where we find the exact product that fills the ultimate need. Finally we make our end choice by choosing the brand of that product that will purchase. The actual number of levels in the hierarchy depends on how much more detailed or defined the need is. For example if someone wants soap and their only need is to clean something generic, they wouldn’t dig deeper into the types of soap they are looking for rather than looking for a specific type of cleaning agent for granite counter tops for example. To further explain and give examples of how a product falls into a product hierarchy I will look at five different industries. 1. In the first instance the consumer’s end goal is to open a checking account and the basic need is security. Industry Finance| Class| Savings| Diversified Investments| Insurance| Real Estate| Category| Bank/Credit Union and Online or in person| | | | Form| Checking, Savings, CD’s, Credit Cards, Bill Payment| | | | Brand| CHASE| | | | A consumer would first decide which area of the industry they need. The industry is divided into 4 classes: Savings, Diversified Investments, Insurance and Real Estate. Since our need falls under the first class of â€Å"Savings† it is not necessary to break down the other branches of the industry and explain all the choices they have. In order to open a checking account for example they would decide at the class level what type of institution would suit their needs. At the category level there are choices such as, should you use a credit union or a traditional commercial bank. Both serve the same general service but credit unions tend to be smaller and more community or organization oriented. They might be affiliated with a certain geographic area or group of professionals like teachers for example. They are also non-profit financial institutions owned by their members and run by a board of directors which are typically their members. They appear to offer a more personal service which is their point of marketing it. Banks could be as small as community based or as large as national organizations but they are for-profit businesses. The board of directors of a bank is chosen by the stockholders (private investors). Also will you need on-line or in-person services. There are many institutions which advertise to fill the needs of one or the other (or both) of these consumers. For example a business professional that travels often would not have the time to physically stop by a bank branch to take care of their needs. In this case, a full service on-line institution would better serve that customer. The customer who needs to sit down with a customer service representative to assist them in some way would possibly choose a bank branch for in-person service. Once that decision is made a customer would determine which specific form of the product is necessary. In this industry for example, a customer might be looking for service in checking, savings, certificate of deposits, mortgages or bill paying, etc. At this level I believe the company uses marketing strategies to show the benefits of their brand and the attributes of their products which ultimately will help the consumer choose a specific brand or in this case institution such as CHASE BANK for example. 2. The end goal is to purchase running shoes but the basic need we are looking to fill here is to clothe ourselves. Industry Apparel| Class| Men’s wear| Women’s wear | | Children’swear| Category| Clothes/ Shoes/ Accessories| | | Form| Casual/Dress/Athletic| | | Brand| Asics| | | The general industry that running shoes are in is the Apparel industry. The class that this need falls into could be either men’s, women’s or children’s apparel. A similar need can be met in either of these classes but for a different target market. There is no substitutability at this level. In this particular instance it would be a straight forward decision based on the gender of the person who needs the product. At the next level a consumer will have specific categories that their item will fall under. All the items at this level serve a more defined function; in this case they would be to clothe us, but just at the overall level. This is a good example of how an industry hierarchy can have many levels. Within each of the different items that fall in this category there are many choices you may have to get to fulfill the ultimate need before you even pick the specific form of the item. For example, Clothing is one type in this category but within this you may have to decide from outerwear, underwear, pants, skirts, dresses, shirts, etc. Accessories are even broader encompassing everything from hats to belts, scarves, ties, socks and so on. The category level that running shoes fall into is shoes. Once we know exactly what we want we decide on the specifics. This is the product form and where our running shoes fall. If we were looking for casual shoes, dress shoes, sandals or athletic shoes we would make that decision at the form level. You cannot substitute different forms at this level because they would not serve the purpose intended. You could not wear dress shoes to go jogging. Once again the detail of this level is open for discussion because there technically are more options once we select the athletic footwear since running shoes are just one type. There are endless types available based on the activity they are being used for. Finally we may choose a brand such as Asics based on brand awareness. 3. The basic need we are looking to fill here transportation but the end goal is to purchase an automobile. Industry Transportation| Class| Ground-Auto/Rail/Bus| Sea- Ship| | Air- Planes| Category| Cars/trucks/vans or motorcyclesCommuter trains/cargo/ orPassenger bus, charter bus| Cruise ships/ cargo/yachts/sailboats| Private/commercial| Form| 2 door, 4 door, sedan, hybrid, convertible| | | Brand| Honda| | | The transportation industry is broken down into 3 main classes: ground transportation which is auto, rail or bus; sea/ships or air/planes. All choices result in the movement of goods or people but depending on the purpose one might choose one over another. In this instance the end result is to purchase a car so we will just look at ground transportation. The main categories within the auto class are cars, trucks, vans and motorcycles. Since these different forms of transportation are pretty cut and dry we know that vehicle we wish to purchase will be met in the car category. The Form level is where substitutability is introduced. We now have choices of the type of vehicle we wish to purchase such as cars/trucks/vans/SUV/motorcycles, etc. Of course, we can further break down the type cars by 2 door, 4 door, sedan, hatchback, etc. There is great substitutability at this level depending on our need and taste. Finally our ultimate choice is based on brand which has strong customer loyalty in the auto industry. 4. The basic need in the publishing industry is to inform and educate the consumer and our purpose is to purchase a newspaper for example. Industry publishing| Class| Books| Periodicals | | CommercialPrinting services| Category| Literature/manuals/text ooks| Newspapers/magazines| Brochures/flyers/catalogs| Form| paper/digital/internet based| paper/digital/internet based| paper/digital/internet based| Brand| | Newsday| | All the items in the class category of publishing serve a need that is similar to each other which is to inform us but in a very general way. They may not meet our specific need. We have to select the category that our meets our needs. Books are acquired and saved as entertaining or reference items whereas periodicals are used to inform us. The commercial end of publishing usually has a different end user like a manufacturing company or business that is looking to advertise or get knowledge out to the consumer. At the next level the consumer will decide which of these categories best suits their needs. Here the choices involve which mode type of publication would be necessary. Either books/periodicals/brochures, etc. The form which is chosen will differentiate the mode by which we will use the product. There is more product substitutability at this level because consumers may us different mediums of obtaining the same information. For example by paper print/internet/digital and finally the brand choice could be based on the loyalty of a company like a newspaper you always read and purchase. 5. The basic need is for personal care and the specific purpose in this case is to buy shampoo. Industry Personal care| Class| Cosmetics- luxury items| Personal Hygiene- essential items| | | Category| makeup/perfumes/beautification products| skin care/hair care/oral care| | Form| lipstick/body spray/hair removal/| toothbrush/toothpaste/soaps/deodorant/shampoo| | Brand| Revlon| Pantene| | We can differentiate the personal care industry by determining wants (luxury items) and needs (essential items). There is a small margin dividing these classes based on what you perceive as an essential item. In this instance shampoo is considered essential so it falls into the personal hygiene class. The items in the category class all serve a similar function but cover a wide variety of needs. To be more specific, all skin care items may be marketed to the same consumers but they may not serve a specific or desired need. To seek the actual product we are looking for we must determine which form of the product is required. Within the hair care line we can distinguish between moisturizing, body or dandruff shampoos for example. And ultimately we choose the brand based on pricing, product loyalty or other brand choice factors. Before we make a conscious decision to make a purchase, many of our decisions are made for us based on our needs. We decide which class and category of a product we choose to fill our basic need and then differentiate our choices based on what form of the product we eventually purchase. Finally we choose a brand based on how these products are marketed to us. References: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Global_Industry_Classification_Standard http://www. citeman. com/1587-product-hierarchy-and-product-line-length. html https://getsatisfaction. com http://www. msci. com/ http://www. wdfi. org/wca/consumer_credit/credit_guides/DifferencesBanksCreditUnionsSavingsInstitut http://www. ions. htm http://www. prospects. ac. uk/industries_publishing_overview. htm How to cite Hierarchical Analysis of Industries, Essay examples

Contemporary Strategy Analysis Text and Cases Process

Question: Discuss about the Contemporary Strategy Analysis for Text and Cases Process. Answer: Introduction The report focuses to analyse competitive position of the US airlines industry. US airline industry is facing some challenges in recent times in terms some low profitability, higher fare charged by major airlines, losing investors faith, labour crisis. Domestic demand for the air transport is US is high due to geographical distances between major cities (Cederholm 2014). Air fare in US has increased overtime due to increasing demand from both domestic and international sectors. In order to address issues faced by the US airlines, the report makes a competitive analysis; which includes porters five forces analysis. This analysis includes bargaining power of the consumers, bargaining power of the suppliers, competitive rivalry in the industry, presence of threats of substitutions and threats of new entry in the market. US airlines have large scale of operation in the global airline industry. PESTLE analysis highlights the political, economic, social, environmental and legal impact on the airline industry. US airlines have their internal problems, which are discussed trough SWOT analysis. SWOT analysis highlights internal strength, weakness, opportunity and threats in the market. US economy has undergone terrorist attack, financial crisis, economic recession, and rise in fuel price and demand crisis during twenty first century, which has impacted negatively to the US airlines industry (Koenig and Mayerowitz 2015). This report presents a strategic analysis to increase profitability in the airline industry. An overview of the US airline industry There are more than 100 certified passenger airlines operating in US with more than 11 million flight departures every year. US airlines transport about 2million passengers and 50,000 tons of cargo every day (airlines.org 2016). Political factors Price regulations, business regulations, competition policy of government, political instability due to change in government, affect the operation of airlines (Cederholm, 2014). Trading agreement with different countries affect the profitability of business. Regulations in labour market affect the cost of operation in the airline industry. Economic factors Pattern of consumer spending, demand for air travel from both domestic and international passengers affect the profitability of airline industry. Rising inflation, fluctuation in exchange rate, decreasing consumer spending due to economic recession affect the business of airlines (airlines.org 2016). Rise in fare of each airline depends on the respective demand and capacity of each aircraft. Monetary policy affects the interest rate, which further affects investment in airline operation and infrastructure (Orphanides 2012). Federal open market committee has long term goal such as maximising employment, moderate rate of inflation rate. As inflation has inverse relation with the interest rate. Therefore, rise in inflation reduces inflation rate in US facilitating the investment in airline industry (federalreserve.gov 2016). Lorenzetti (2015) argued that global financial crisis at inflation have resulted into greater economic instability, high inflation and slower growth of economy leading to low profitability in US airlines industry. US airlines contribute significantly to the domestic economy in terms of share in GDP, employment. Technological factors Technological advancement improves airline operation in terms of cost reduction. Advanced air craft engine technology, IT solution, mobile technology has improved US aviation industry significantly (Aguirregabiria and Ho 2012). Technological up gradation enhances the capacity of the aircraft, enhances the comfort of travelling, creates better connectivity and reduces fuel consumption. All these factors positively influence the consumer demand. Legal factors Environmental and work place safety law affects the business operation of airlines. US airlines are regulated industry. US airlines needs to maintain energy security regulations and aviation safety law (airlines.org 2016) Social factors Global recession of 2007-08 and 2013-14 have great impact on US economic. US economy has been slowed down after the global recession. Therefore, consumer spending on travel and tourism has reduced after 2011, which has negative impact on the profitability of US airline industry (Dai, Liu and Serfes 2014). Environmental factors High fuel cost is a reason of low profitability. Use of renewable energy and low fuel consumption are growing issue sin airline industry. The airlines such as Delta, United, American, Southwest, and Jet Blue have been replacing the old aircraft with new fuel efficient ones in order to reduce impact on climate change (Puller and Taylor 2012). A competitive forces analysis of the airline industry Strengths Large number of employees and technological innovation are strength of US aviation industry. Variety of planes gives opportunity to passengers for the choosing aircraft as per their choice. Product differentiation gives competitive advantage to the companies of different companies of US airline (Dai, Liu and Serfes 2014). High domestic demand for the fleet of 330 + mainline jet aircraft and rising demand from international travellers. These factors are contributing factors for rising revenue. Koenig and Mayerowitz (2015) stated that merger of nine large US airlines to four has reduced global competition in the airline industry by raising monopoly power of the US airlines. Weakness Rising labour cost in the US economy is an important concern for the airline industry as it raises cost of operation. Rising labour cost creates pressure on airline service and hence on the profitability of the company (Barla 2013). US airlines have leased some of the planes, for which large amount of money have been spent. Most of the planes have not been utilised properly (Zou et al. 2014). US airlines have been affected by terrorist attacks various times. These incidents have hampered the scale of operation making loss for the airlines. Opportunity Most of the companies of US airlines have good infrastructure and opportunity to increase profits. Merger and acquisition gives US airlines an opportunity to dominate market (afacwa.or 2015). US airlines have opportunity to us point to point flying instead of hub-spoke flight pattern. Profitability in point to point flying is more than the later one (Belobaba, Odoni and Barnhart 2015). There is immense opportunity to make a partnership with a financially stable company Threats Economic turmoil and political unrest in domestic economy has negative effect on airlines profitability. Entry of new company is always there in the airline industry of UK. Oil price fluctuation has impact on the fuel price and hence on the demand for air transport as there is alternative transportation route for domestic travel (Johnston and Ozment 2013). There is always a possibility of terror attack in future to affect airline business. Five forces of Porter Power of supplier: Supplier in US airline has immense power to bargain over inputs such as fuel, labour and aircraft. Airlines companies are potential buyers of the inputs and there is rising competition in this industry. Competition among buyers gives suppliers sufficient power to bargain over the price of each input (Borenstein and Rose 2014). Fluctuation in oil price in the international market, rise in wage through the bargaining power of labour union, increase in the price of aircraft affects the input cost of the US airlines. Power of buyer: Online ticketing system facilitates the buyers so that they no longer need to depend on the agent and intermediaries. Entry of low cost carriers and price war among the airline companies in provides the scope of bargaining to the consumers (Grant 2016). This is the form of indirect bargaining. A consumer generally fills the ticket for low cost carrier. Hence, it is hard to raise fare above competitive price as the consumer may search for alternatives. Hence, power of buyers is said to be high in this industry. However, Aguirregabiria and Ho (2012) mentioned that recent mergers of large airline companies of US give them a monopoly power to charge a higher fare to the consumers. Entry barrier: Any potential firm can enter into this industry due to presence of positive profits. However, entry is not easy, as a company needs huge start up capital in order to operate and establish business in this industry. The scale of operation in this industry is large. Moreover, knowledge, skill and huge investments are required to run the business (Brueckner, Lee and Singer 2013). Hence, it can be said that entry in airlines in restricted. Threats of substitutes: Close substitute is available for US airlines. Rail, road and waterways are available for transportation within different provinces of US. Waterways are available for international transport. Threats of substitute is high for domestic transport, however, it is low for international travel. Intensity of rivalry: Intensity of rivalry is high in this industry. There are around 100 of passenger airlines in US economy. Therefore, competition in this industry has at high level. Tight regulations, high operating expenses, rapid rate of turnover make the industry more competitive (Ciliberto and Williams 2014). Economic performance analysis Airline industry has significant impact on the US GDP. This industry contributes more than 10 million jobs every year. This industry also contributes 5% of each dollar of GDP of this country. This sector supports other allied sector such as tourism and hotel industry to help the economy to boost. All these factors contribute to economic growth of this economy. US passengers and cargo carriers in the airline industry employ more than 682000 employees worldwide. Along with recruitment opportunity, this industry provides security, handsome payment and benefits to employees. Average wage of the employees of US airline is $67,000 compared to national private sector average $45000 (airlines.org 2016). Therefore, it can be said that the standard of living of the family of airline industry is better compared to other sectors. There are several types of job opportunity and thus numerous skills of employees are required. Hence, this industry encourages government investment in the education se ctor more for human capital formation (Borenstein and Rose 2014). Contribution to local economies Airlines influence other domestic sector through backward and forward linkages. Airlines connect different geopolitical regions easily increasing economic cooperation and trade agreements. This sector facilitates businesses, direct and indirect commerce. Investment in airline infrastructure facilitates cargo transport, which further facilitates export and import in US economy with rest of economies (airlines.org 2016). Growth in export- import contributes in economic growth. Moreover, this sector indirectly acts for growth of the economy by facilitating the tourism sector and hotel industry. Moreover, suppliers of aircraft and aircraft parts are benefitted for the growth of this industry. Demand analysis Demand for airlines comes for business purpose and for tourism. Demand comes from several business sectors, students and families. However, demand for passenger transport is high from the business organisations for international meeting. During 2015-16, revenue of the airlines has decreased. Demand in this industry falls during economic recession as people cut their expenses on travel and tourism. The causes of decreasing revenue in recent times are foreign exchange pressure and lower surcharges in the international market (Lorenzetti 2015). Demand for US airlines is high during boom period, when production of goods and services in domestic economy is sufficient. The excess amounts of products are exported to diversified global market. As US airlines are important medium of cargo transport, demand for important airlines in US are high at economic boom and recovery period. However, decline in oil price has helped the airlines to take cost saving initiatives and reduction in ticket price. Rising incumbent in this industry over the years has created excess capacities in this industry and rising competitiveness. As stated by Schmidt (2015), increase in capacity in the airlines was more than the demand during 2014-15 in US. Strategies for airline profitability Despite huge growth of passenger demand, airlines of US face decreasing revenue in recent days. Increasing labour cost, increasing competition, weak industry profit margin is main cause of decreasing profitability. Major airlines of US have merged with each other during previous decades to raise market power. However, new entry in the market is still creating excess capacity in the industry, which is creating pressure on the existing airlines such as Delta Air Lines, United Continental, American airlines, JetBlue Airways (Aguirregabiria and Ho 2012). One strategy of the airlines to increase profitability may be investment in ancillary services of airlines such as early boarding, Wi-Fi, baggage and premium seating. Cost leadership gives competitive advantage to the airlines. Use of low cost fuel and low cost- technology enabled air carriers can reduce cost of operation. Collaboration with the suppliers and proper negotiation with the labour union can mitigate the problem of increasing input cost. Cost leadership helps to keep price low compared to the competitors. This strategy creates barriers to the entry of new firm in this industry (Puller and Taylor 2012). Split between luxury and economic seating classes give passages opportunity to choose according to their choice and demand. Price discrimination along with product discrimination can be effective strategies. Lease of airlines Many of the US airlines have faced debt burden after their merger with other airlines. American Airlines had $16.8billion of debt after its merger with US Airways. Debt burden has put burden on the profitability of this airline. Debt burden and low profitability are reflected both on the balance sheet and cash flow statement. During that time, the lease value of American Airlines was $8.7 billion. Levine-Weinberg (2016) stated that leasing is equivalent to debt as it requires long term stream of payment. However, Delta Airlines on the other hand chose to use capital spending for reduction of debt burden instead of leasing. The above analysis shows that the cause of low profitability in US airlines is increasing cost, rising pressure of exchange rate, rise in excess capacities and increasing competitiveness. Traditional hub-and spoke airline model is barrier for increasing profit. As there is number of substitutes of airlines in US economy for domestic transport, rise in fare shifts the demand from airlines to other mode of transport (Johnston and Ozment 2013). The hub and spoke airline model is not competitively sustainable as this requires extensive physical infrastructure, complex aircraft fleet, and large number of labour. Point to point flying model is more effective as it provides short trip facilities. US airlines have experienced major loss in revenue several times due to bankruptcy, global recession, and financial crisis. Nine large airlines have been merged up to become four major airlines such as American, United, Delta and South West to increase market share and to reduce cost of operation before 2010. During the same period, airfare has risen more than the inflation rate due to decrease in competitive pressure. The merger has been seemed to be successful that US airlines made $19.7 billion profit. Koenig and Mayerowitz (2015) mentioned that demand has increased despite rise in fare due to investment in capacity enhancement such purchase of new jets and improvement of airport facilities. Moreover, collusion strategy has been taken to increase fare and decrease number of available flights and seats. Another concern in recent times in US airlines is violation of competition rules. Lorenzetti (2015) mentioned that employees of major US airline such as Southwest airlines. Delta is facing problems with upper management in terms of better pay, rejection of labour contract. Decreasing stock price is another major concern for low profitability. As a consequence, the investors are losing faith from airlines and uncertainty in the investment opportunity is increasing in this industry (Grant 2016). Therefore, it is recommended that change in business strategy, cost leadership policy, coloration with strong financial company can be beneficial for the airlines. It can be said from the study that economic condition of US airlines can be said to be cyclical as the fluctuations in profitability move in the line with business fluctuation. Recession, boom period both have their respective effect on the airline industry of US. Conclusion The report has highlighted different aspects of US airline industry such as competitive strategy, economic contribution on local and global economy. The study has found different reasons of fluctuations in revenue and profit in the airline industry. Increasing capacities due to technological improvement has increased demand for airlines. Merger of nine big airlines in US has created monopoly market in US aviation industry. Therefore, airfare has increased in US significantly due to decrease in competitiveness. Moreover, enhancement of capacities, increasing number of jets is contributing factors for rising demand. Increase in demand raises revenues of US airlines. Despite that profitability of the airline industry has fallen due to increasing labour and other operating costs. Cost leadership may be a strategy to overcome the challenges in the US airline industry. 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