Nature of thought

Thinking: the activity of the brain that can potentially be communicated. Inform thoughts become your words become your actions become your habits become your character become you. † (Gary R. Kirby and Jeffery R. Godparent, Thinking, 2007) What makes human thinking unique is the fact that our thoughts are made up of language. Language allows us to see things differently by channeling our thinking and perceptions. Our thoughts are influenced by the language we use to describe them.The languages we use may too be influenced by personal barriers. Personal barriers include self- serving biases, cognitive distortions that put us in a favorable position. Stereotypes, being biased toward members of a certain group. Emotional influences also effect and inspire human thought. Emotion is what differentiates human beings from animals. We as humans think to communicate, using different languages that are influenced by barriers based upon memories. Memory plays an important role in thinking . Without memory we can't think. According to Richard Paul and LindaElder, Journal of Developmental Education, â€Å"Everything we learn is related to everything we learn and learning things in relation to each other makes each of the things we learn more memorable, more intelligible, and more useful. † Without memory we'd have no future to imagining and no past to consider. Getting an adequate amount of sleep is essential to the critical thinking process. Sleep debt can negatively affect our mood, motivation, memory, decision making, concentration, problem solving, and logical thinking (Corer, 1996). So in order to think big we must stimulate the brain with intellectual activity and enhance our memory.Enhancing memory includes making information meaningful, by associating new information with what we already know well, by using mnemonic techniques and by repetition and practice. Listening to the recollections of others and being open to the possibilities. Finding relevance o f the information, how it relates to our lives, increases its meaning and makes it more memorable. Now let's use my memory. I can remember when I found out I was pregnant with my first child. I thought I had gotten sick. I didn't feel well, very low amount of energy. Well I was sick, but it wasn't the sickI was thinking where I could go buy something over the counter and it be gone in a few days. I was suffering from morning sickness, the nauseous feeling a woman's body goes through in the first trimester of pregnancy. The difference in my thoughts and reality was that a baby was coming. A child, a life changing experience. I had all kinds of thoughts going through my head. First, I had to acknowledge that I was soon to be called â€Å"Mommy'. Which then lead to other thoughts like if I was good enough to be parent at the age of 22. I thought what my family would think of me being that I as still young and not married.I was concerned on what the father of my child would say when I told him. After informing my family and accepting this important role that was coming into play. I began taking prenatal classes to educate myself on being a mother. I enrolled in college and begin taking Early Childhood Education courses. I learned that having my daughter pushed me into the field of working with children and having a passion for the work that I do. In the beginning I was nervous, worried about what others would think of me. Encapsulation was a personal barrier s I was raised to believe that one should be married before she has a child.My emotions were out of control the first couple of months as I thought to myself that I wasn't fit for the circumstances. After all that I have to say that I am a wonderful mother despite all my fears and that my thoughts from then have influenced and encouraged me to believe that can handle all situations, and to see something good out of anything that we are faced with.

Discuss How Shakespeare Uses Language and Dramatic Techniques

Discuss how Shakespeare uses language and dramatic techniques for character development in Act 2 Scene 2 of Measure for Measure. Shakespeare uses a variety of linguistic devices and dramatic techniques for character development from Act 2 Scene 2 to Scene 4. We see Angelo’s precise, business-like persona transform to temptation, and final cruelty whilst we see the true, confident side of Isabella as as she attempts to convince Angelo to reverse his judgement, but eventually loses her ignorant hope on the realisation of his true ‘purpose’.In Act 2 Scene 2 Shakespeare portrays Angelo as precise, intelligently dealing with the pleas of Isabella to save the life of her brother by reversing the death sentence that has been handed down to him. The scene begins with the Provost and Angelo discussing Claudio’s punishment. The Provost dares to ask Angelo if he really wants Claudio murdered, ‘All sects, all ages smack of this vice, and he to die for’t! , and Angelo states that he does, ‘Did not I tell yea? Hast thou no order? Why dost thou ask again? ’. Shakespeare instantly uses dramatic technique of foreshadowing the conflict that is to follow through the sharp words exchanged between the two. Provost then asks what’s to be done with the woman he got pregnant, Juliet.Angelo still refuses to relent, and says that Juliet, who is in labour, should go to a more fitting place, away from everything that is going on ‘Dispose of her To some more fitter place’ Shakespeare’s lexical choice conveys his ruthless nature to the audience, in this context would mean ‘send her away’, but of course reading the text using more modern language; ‘dispose’ is an unpleasant word, especially when referring to a human being, where it seems incongruous, especially in reference to a pregnant woman, thus subtly foreshadowing the revealing of Angelo’s animalistic nature later in the sce ne.Angelo also calls Juliet a ‘fornicatress’, the harsh constanents of the name once again conjuring the theme that is constantly present through the play, that of appearance versus reality. Although Juliet appears from Angelo’s quick appraisal to be just a sinful person, her reality is far more complex; she is much better than most women of the time, she is not a prostitute or adulterer, rather her only fault was not securing a marriage contract before she slept with her fiancee.She is actually a woman of strength and principle, not the simple sinner that Angelo’s developing harsh, cruel character reduces her to. Isabella comes to see Angelo innocently, as shy as she appeared in her first scene at the nunnery, and begins to plead with him for Claudio’s life, ‘I have a brother is condemned to die. I do beseech you, let it be his fault, And not my brother’. Angelo is portrayed to be business-like and unrelenting, ‘Condemn the fault , and not the actor of it?Why, every fault’s condemned ere it be done’ but Lucio urges her to persist, encouraging her ‘Ay, touch him, there’s the vein’ acting as a kind of Greek chorus for the audience. She does, and calls upon Angelo’s pity, mercy, and moderation; she recognises that Angelo has the power to enforce the law in full, but impresses upon him that one must use power with moderation. Isabella’s strategy is a keen one, trying to persuade Angelo to have the same mercy for her brother that she has. Once again, the issue of mercy is urged upon Angelo, as is the theme of human weakness, which all, Isabella stresses, fall victim to.Her character is portrayed as increasingly canny, when she has to be; her argument is strong and persuasive, although it is not her argument that causes Angelo to relent, but his attraction to her. Isabella also touches upon the theme of use of power; ‘it is excellent to have a giant’s st rength,’ she tells Angelo, ‘but it is tyrannous to use it as a giant’, making an allusion to ‘Jove’ to demonstrate her point – even the gods, with tremendous power, know how best to use their awesome abilities.This is another lesson that Angelo’s character must learn; for although he can use the law to its full extent if he wishes, he has to learn how to temper his power with mercy and heed moderation. Comparing the characters of Angelo and Isabella, one could argue that Isabella is ‘the symbol of goodness and mercy set against a background of moral decay’. Alternatively, one could see her character as self-righteous and hypocritical, as we later discover when she values her chastity higher than her brother’s life. Isabella continues arguing with Angelo until he finally relents and tells her to come back the next day to hear his judgement.Everyone leaves, and Angelo speaks a rather striking soliloquy, apparently talk ing to himself ‘†¦what art thou Angelo? Dost thou desire her foully for those things that make her good? ’. Thus, through Shakespeare’s staging, we learn that Angelo admits to himself that he is in love with Isabella because of her virtue and purity. Often characters in Shakespeare’s plays have soliloquies but they do not often refer to themselves in third person and when they do, it is often a sign of madness. Perhaps Shakespeare is suggesting this as a sign for Angelo.What is certain is that he is struggling with an inward battle between what he knows he should do and what he desires to do, as his develops and starts questioning the morality of his own character. It is with great irony that Isabella's call to Angelo to mark the weaknesses in his own heart is answered by Angelo's acknowledgement that he is tempted by Isabella. It is this temptation that brings from Angelo his first statement of mercy toward Claudio: ‘O, let her brother live! Th ieves for their robbery have authority when judges steal themselves! Shakespeare shows how Angelo realises that with experience of one's own weakness comes mercy for others' failings; however, he soon ignores this lesson, and falls into hypocrisy in Act 2 Scene 4. In this scene, Isabella comes back the next day as Angelo had asked, and he begins by saying that Claudio must die. Isabella begins to leave, but Angelo begins to tempt her to save her brother, by offering herself instead. Isabella ignorantly misunderstands Angelo’s subtle sexual offer, and he is forced to tell her plainly that if she sleeps with him he will let Claudio live.Angelo accuses her of hypocrisy, and they discuss the frailty of women. In terms of character development in this scene, Angelo begins in a state of agitation, pondering why he cannot pray and with a new awareness of how the appearance of things might not be true to reality. Where before Angelo was unified in his intentions and actions, he has n ow become internally divided, ‘O place, O form, How often does thou with thy case, thy habit, Wrench awe from fools, and tie the wiser souls to thy false seeming!Blood, thou art blood. ’- questioning the power of authority, position and outward appearance to convince even wise men that false men are virtuous. Shakespeare uses language of coercion, ‘wrench’ and ‘tie’, and apostrophe – ‘O place, O form’ to perhaps illustrate the sophisticated and baffling nature of false appearances. Shakespeare also shows how Angelo is beginning to seduce Isabella with subtle and ambiguous lexis, but moving more and more towards blunt, harsh and animalistic discourse as the scene progresses. I have begun, and now I give my sensual race the rein’; Shakespeare shows how Angelo has almost been possessed by his animal side. This is perhaps emphasised by the use of horse imagery, ‘race the rein’, as well as the use of plosives and dentals ‘fit they consent to my sharp appetite’, drawing attention to his teeth and lips, reinforcing his sexual lust and passion for Isabella. When Isabella enters, however, she meekly accepts Angelo’s judgement, but as the scene progresses she continues to find her voice.As Angelo descends into sensuality, she seems to become more pious and religously extreme, almost swapping roles with Angelo. ‘Th’ impression of keen whips I’d wear as rubies, and strip myself to death’ – Shakespeare uses images of love, death and falgellation to express her disgust at the idea of submitting to Angelo. Though the sentiment is spiritual, the language and images are highly physical, suggesting that her character would resist the carnal sexuality by yielding herself to more gruesome lovers: torture and death.Her innocence is also shattered by Angelo’s crass offer – she seems shocked to find out that justice might not be as perfec t as it appears. Her naivety is gradually stripped away as Angelo easily overcomes her threat to expose him, and she sees that virtue does not necessarily triumph over iniquity. Yet, she still has ignorant faith in the honour of her brother, Claudio, and trusts that he will defend her honour even at the cost of his life.

Bluegrass performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bluegrass performance - Essay Example The music has long been influenced through jazz by the African-Americans and other migrants (Nemerov, 2009). Traditional acoustic stringed instruments are used to play bluegrass music. Instrumentations such as mandolin and five-string banjo accompanied by harmonica and Dobro (resonator) were used in the ancient traditional dance bands and influenced the current bluegrass bands. The currently flat picking style of playing the guitar evolved from the ancient thumb and finger picking (Cantwell, 2002). This was introduced by Earl Scruggs who influenced the three-finger pick. Despite the recent introduction of new grass due to electronic versions and new instruments such as harmonica, traditional instruments are still used and culture maintained. The theme of bluegrass music revolves around narratives about the people who first developed the music. The vocals in the music are a representative of the hardships that people of Appalachia in the ancient days and other rural areas went through living with limited financial resources. However, the currently evolving music includes interpersonal tensions, resistance to changes like the mountaintop coal mining and laments on love that was lost are part of the theme. The Appalachia railing of roads is also an integrated theme as performed by ballads like Nine pound hammer, form John Henry legend and Wreck of the Old 97. The vocal harmony, apart from instrumentation displays Bluegrass music as a cultural product. The high lonesome sound style represents the hardships that the ancient Appalachia people used to go through living with less financial resources. The style includes dissonant sound on the highest produced by two to four parts (Olson, 2006) . The baritone voice in the stack played in the 1950s by the Stanley brothers is still played and some parts added to the traditional parts. Currently, museums are

Best Self Exercise Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Best Self Exercise - Coursework Example I remember one time when I graduated high school and about to enter college, my parents strongly suggested that I go to the university near our community because it was easy to access and most of my friends were already enrolled in that university. However, my goal was already set and I was determined to go to a different university my parents opposed to. I wanted to go to a different university certainly not because I wanted to defy my parents but because I trust myself that I could perform very well if enrolled in the university where the course I wanted was offered. I thought that I could be a better person and successful professional if I would be provided the chance to decide for myself. I was indeed fearful of leaving most of my friends behind and being somewhat far from my parents, but I thought of the kind of development and learning process that a new educational environment could bring me. I saw the opportunity of meeting new people, experimenting more about life all by mys elf, and just simply allowing myself to metamorphose into a more mature and responsible individual. To cut the story short, I took my chances of enrolling in the university I wanted, regardless of its consequences, because I knew myself and I was confident enough that I could do it no matter what. Most probably, what makes me confident and daring enough to take chances is the fact that I do not fear to fail. Most people would stay in their comfort zones and not undertake things or decisions they are unfamiliar with because they do not want to fall short of their expectations. What they do not realize is that they learn more each time they fail. They become even stronger and more capable each time they are unsuccessful. I believe that failing is an inevitable part of life, and the best way to deal with it is to accept it and learn something from it. My positive and happy disposition in life also contributes a lot to my confidence and boldness. I am the type of person who strongly dis likes a routine and boring lifestyle. I do not like doing the same things at the same place and time the rest of my life. I am always hungry for adventure. I believe that there is so much about life that I have to explore myself. I do not want to miss the opportunity of trying out new things, especially those that I truly desire, and discovering what I am really capable of. Having said this, I always make sure that I stay responsible for my actions and do some life experimentations for my welfare. Life is so much fun, beautiful, and colorful but it is up to us how we live our life wonderfully. At the end of the day, I do not want to feel regretful of the things I did not do that is why I always try to do what I desire and savor the experience. Name of the 10 people who provided feedbacks: 1. Nicole Grabenhorst - friend 2. Alexander Neumeyer - neighbor 3. Mia Johnson - schoolmate 4. Maria Holzerland - friend 5. Valerie Lopez - friend 6. Addison Page - neighbor 7. Dashiell Williams - neighbor 8. Cheryl Cullin - friend 9. Linda Harper - friend 10. Tameca Aniban - schoolmate From: Nicole Grabenhorst To: (your name) Subject: RE: Feedback Request One instance where I saw you at your best was when you did bungee jumping with me. I knew it was something you never tried before, but with no hesitation you jumped and just had fun. I thought you were so brave. Another instance was when some

Media in the Providing Wartime Coverage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Media in the Providing Wartime Coverage - Essay Example For peace to exist among all nations, ideas and information should be freely disseminated both within frontiers and across them. This is because a free and independent media is essentially the lifeblood of well-founded, working societies, and a lifeline to progress itself (Shaw, 1996). In nations where censorship has been found to be imposed, both democracy and development have been big losers. It is also a known fact that most of the reporters who have died in the line of duty around the world have been mostly murdered for reasons such as revealing corruption or abuses of power, opposing entrenched interests, legal or illegal or simply for doing their jobs. Many hundreds more have faced harassment, intimidation and physical assault, with such acts resulting in chilling effects on society at large thereby stifling dissent and debate (Shaw, 1996). Such attacks must not be tolerated at all cost and as such legal mechanisms should be put in place to protect reporters. Journalistic work constantly involves difficult options, but wartime reporting raises the level of intensity, consequently forcing reporters to face myriad issues including separating objectivity from propaganda; uncertainty from prejudice and the need to convey the impact of conflict, particularly on civilians, without displaying images of death and suffering, which are insults to human dignity (Shaw, 1996). The issue of selectivity usually poses the biggest challenge in that some issues and situations attract undivided coverage, while others of seemingly equal importance fail to achieve matched attention. The problem of hate media is another outstanding outcome of reporting during wartime. A good example in real time is found in Rwanda, Bosnia and Herzegovina, where the world witnessed genocide and crimes against humanity, triggered, in part, by nationalistic and ethnocentric hate campaign, propagated through the mass media. In the same vein, many media outlets in Cte d'Ivoire and South Africa have in recent times used xenophobic messages through political manipulation, unsubstantiated claims, and incitement to violence against individuals and groups, especially of specific foreign origin, all emphasizing how misuse of information can have deadly consequences (Shaw, 1996). Finally, the media can do more than anything in wartime to help the world learn not only how a war is conducted, but also how it is affecting people. During this period, reporters can give voice to those who would otherwise remain unheard and also tell stories that otherwise would remain untold. Through this way therefore, reporters can create conduits between those trapped in a conflict zone and those outside it. Moreover, in times of conflicts and war, the presence of reporters can help prevent atrocities. This is simply because the reporters can effectively sense a conflict ahead and alert the world to the need for preventive measures to avoid tragedy (Shaw, 1996). The Supreme Court is crucial in deciding what issues are discussed and those that are classified. Foremost is any issue relating to the needless invasion of personal privacy. If a privacy interest exists, for instance, it should be weighed against the public

Traditional clothes in Japan and Germany Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Traditional clothes in Japan and Germany - Essay Example Culture is expressed by a range of values that are special and unique for a country or a region – these are history, language, cuisine, traditions. Clothes are a distinctive national peculiarity. Traditional clothes have evolved, as culture has evolved during the ages, influenced by historical developments, religious beliefs, regional and class subcultures.The Japanese traditional clothing today has become to represent Japan’s cultural identity. The word kimono or wafuku means simply â€Å"Japanese style clothing†, and is used to differentiate this style of attire from yofuku, which is the Western-style clothing Japanese prefer to wear today Traditional clothes have specific attributes like form or color that make them distinctive to the national culture. The thought here is that clothes’ elements and style in the past have developed for a reason, conveying meaningful messages to other people as part of the nonverbal communication process. The kimono is a universal symbol of Japan. It represents the traditional beauty and simplicity, having a single basic pattern in size and shape. Originally the kimono was worn in multiple layers of different colors. The symbolism behind this variety of colors is that during the Heian period women had to be protected by multi-layered clothes, whereby the different colors of the layers revealed the character of those who wore them. (Chiu, 2001). Elements of the clothing were indicative of woman's character - her skill in matching colors and even the smallest details in the kimono were highly valued as artistic sensibility. Other symbolic elements in the

Who Are the Main Players in the Industry of Media and Communication Essay

Who Are the Main Players in the Industry of Media and Communication - Essay Example The government will need to be paid taxes and ensure the content of the films is acceptable according to the number of years of the content observers know as audiences. The acceptance of the government is more of a blessing for the process than a bother as it will mean smoothening of the barriers to the industry (Mathur and Mathur, 2009). For a long time, the Bollywood films were only available through videos and this limited the number of people able to obtain a copy and even that copy was easily destroyed. These days, however, the film industry has moved towards digitalization obtaining their own channels which have ensured that people across the world are able to watch as many films as possible. The films once released are placed on different internet sites where people can watch them online which are very convenient for most people (Wadley, 2013). All those ways are in addition to them being shown on cinemas on wide screens. With these strategies being placed, they have ensured that their distribution and consumption has expanded and continues to do so. In as far as production is concerned, actors and actresses have been joining the industry day and night which would explain the high number of Indian movies which are even more than the American ones. The primary consumers of the Indian films are the tourists and the people of other nations. People in India are still dwelling on watching the movies in cinema and undermining as well as underappreciating their own talent. This leaves the primary consumers to be the international media and people. It is an open secret that the fame of the Indian films has spread far and wide and the western nations are seeking the directors to offer them locations to shoot their films at a discount. Research indicates that nations such as France, Australia, Canada, Ireland and the even USA. The growing interest in Bollywood films and their popularity is what makes people increase their consumerism level (Mathur and Mathur, 2009). The films are loved because of their comics and humour as well as the incorporation of dance.  Ã‚  

EC Competition law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

EC Competition law - Essay Example It shall have no inherent or residual powers'. Enroute to European integration, community legislation could not serve the intended purpose and therefore the need was felt for a differentiated range of instruments, besides the traditional legislative ones. The essence of a state based on the rule of law is that the law binds its government actions. The article further states, 'all powers which the Member States enjoy by virtue of their sovereignty, and which they have not conferred on the Union pursuant to this Treaty, remain within the exclusive competence of the Member States'. It effectively means governing within the boundaries of the law, in conformity with certain principles on which a constitutional state is based and which indicate the limits to the powers to be exercised, with a view to ensuring the freedom and liberty of citizens. Further clarifying, the article states 'the conferment of powers on the Union shall not in itself restrict the powers of the Member States in respect of the same subject-matter, except in the areas identified in Article 9 of this Treaty as falling within the exclusive competence of the Union'. ... In this regard, the principle of conferred powers is of crucial importance, as it determines when the EC and its institutions are competent to act. (b). Article 3(1)(g) states, 'he Community's competition rules are not an end in themselves; they are primarily a condition for achieving the common (or internal) market'3. The aim is 'a system ensuring that competition in the internal market is not distorted'. Thus in the three areas of application of these rules (concerted practices, abuse of dominant position and state aid), prohibition is limited to practices that have an impact on trade between Member States and excludes those that only affect trade within a State. Thus prohibited practices are those 'which may affect trade between Member States and which have as their object or effect the prevention, restriction or distortion of competition within the common market' This legislative article is part of a broader internal marketing strategy and aims at consolidating respective member state's markets. The strategy is aimed at strengthening the foundations of the internal market. It desires that barriers to trade in goods and services must be eliminated, and it must be ensured that European legislation is applied and implemented correctly. The strategy therefore sets out a list of priorities and a schedule for putting them into practice. The concept of internal market is one of the essential cornerstones of EU. It is the culmination of the treaty of Rome, which provided for the creation of a 'common market' based on the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital. It is based on the principles of non-discrimination and mutual recognition. Such a mechanism is supposed to function as a control

Working with your own definition of culture, how important do you Dissertation

Working with your own definition of culture, how important do you think culture is when considering change and innovation - Dissertation Example Culture and innovation 3 2.1 Definition of culture 3 2.2 Cultural influence on innovation 4 3. Own teaching situation 6 3.1 Classroom culture in Japan: realities in the classroom 6 3.2 MEXT's Top-down drastic reforms 7 4. Importance of considering culture and the need for innovation 7 4.1 Importance of culture for ELT innovation in Japanese secondary English education 8 4.2 Why Japan needs such a drastic innovation in English education 8 5. Suggestions for successful implementation of ELT innovation in Japan 8 5.1 Milder implementation of CLT 9 5.2 Adaptation not adoption 9 5.3 Intercultural competency 10 5.4 Reformation of yakudoku 10 6. Conclusion 11 References 12 Appendix 14 List of Figures Figure 1: Resistance to culturally incompatible ELT innovations 4 List of Tables Table 1: High and low context cultures 5 Abbreviations used ALT Assistant Language Teacher CLT Communicative Language Teaching ELT English Language Training ESL English as a Second Language JET Japanese Exchange an d Teaching (Programme) JTE Japanese Teacher of English MEXT Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (of Japan) 1. Introduction Japan has been going through a period of major reforms in English language education over the past two decades with the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) attempting to promote the Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) methodology. ... In the 1989 guidelines, it was declared that the development of students' communicative abilities in English was to become the focus of English language education in Japan (MEXT, 1989). The latest reforms in 2008 introduced more drastic reforms favouring the adoption of CLT and instructing Japanese teachers to teach English by using only English in class. This innovation is set to be implemented in senior high schools in April 2013 (MEXT, 2008). CLT is now widely accepted as a dominant methodology in second/foreign language teaching in the West. But when imported into non-Western countries such as Japan, it has caused confusion and led to resistance by teachers and students alike. As with many other East Asian countries, Japan now faces a big challenge in implementing CLT in actual classrooms (Littlewood, 2007). White (1995: 118) asserted that if innovators take the beliefs, values and history of the surrounding culture into deeper consideration then the positive innovation they prop ose can usually stand a better chance at long-term acceptance. The discussion of the significance of culture in implementing innovation in English language education in this paper begins with defining culture and describing the characteristics of Japanese culture using the high-low context culture framework developed by Hall (1976). The writer's own teaching experience at a senior high school English class in Japan is then described to provide insight into classroom realities in Japan and the impact of MEXT's reforms. This is followed by an analysis of the cultural influence on innovation and a discussion of how and why culture is an important consideration in English language education in Japan. It is hoped that the suggestions made thereafter will

How Capitalism Works in Different Scenarios Coursework

How Capitalism Works in Different Scenarios - Coursework Example According to Hagopian capitalism is a social organization which is currently experienced in every country. In this type of organization, means that are used for production are owned by a minority group in society (capitalistic class). The rest of the population has to sell their labor in exchange for salary/wage (working class). Unlike the communist form of organization where a society has no classes, in capitalism class division plays a major role. Capitalism is best explained by Karl Marx who says a capitalistic society has two main classes; those who have (own the means of production) and those who have not. There may be the existence of other classes in society but the two are conceived as the major ones. According to Marx those who have are fond of exploiting those who do not have hence conflict will always exist between the two classes. This is what forms a capitalistic society and that is how it operates.Capitalism is the mode of production that is employed in our contemporary societies. In many societies today you will find the existence of the two main classes. Exploitation comes about when the capitalistic class uses the working class to their benefit. This is because as much as the working class is the one working on the ground the overall profits realized go to the capitalistic class. Costs paid by capitalists in the production process such as salaries are way too low as compared to the profits realized. These profits are then invested in order to generate more profits, leading to further wealth accumulation. When the working class gets tired they will result in a revolution and finally, the society will go into a state of communism. At this stage, no one owns anything and Marx asserts that the process will repeat itself.Blaut (127) explains the history of capitalism by first letting the people know the transitional debate history. Capitalism origins can be best explained through the commercialization model. ration to show how capitalism works is in factory scenarios, where a lot of people are involved in the production process but the profits are reaped by one person.

Islam and the Challenge of Democracy Essay Example for Free

Islam and the Challenge of Democracy Essay Dr. Khaled Abou El Fadl is the most prolific of the Islamic thinkers of today’s world. He is a great Islamic jurist and scholar, and is now a Professor of Law at the UCLA School of Law giving the students knowledge of Islamic law, Immigration, Human Rights, International and National Security Law. His Islam and the Challenge to Democracy is the quest to find out numerous questions and varied answers in establishing the relation between the principles so enshrined in Democracy and Islamic political and religious tenants. To propound the relationship between the Islam and democracy is not a straightforward as it involves the deep and thorough understanding of the religious and political structures of the Islamic world and Democracy in its entity. Dr Khaled says that issue of democracy in the Islamic world of today is being hotly debated and there are both pro and anti versions to this issue that compete with each other and the biggest challenge before the advocators is to promote the vision of social justice and faith. The very first section only of his most profile book Islam and the Challenge of Democracy straight forwardly says that he does not believe as what other Muslim advocators say that Islam has given birth to Democracy but various elements of Democracy are very well present in the Islam and we can say that Islam too supports Democracy. In this endeavor, he defied the view of radical Islamists as well as hardened Islamophobes who say that as God is sovereign master of whole Universe, therefore the principles of Democracy do not hold true for the Islamic world. El Fadl poises that there is no doubt of the fact that the God is the sovereign power in the Universe yet this is God who has bestowed upon the humans, the power to envisage the right to form rules to govern themselves in the form of deputies or khulafa. In-fact Islam also believes in a form of government, that gives power to the people, transparency in the decision making through shura’ and there is a toleration for any disagreements and disputes arising out of any rule and rules are accountable to his subjects for any actions. El Fadl believes in the formulation of the basic ethical values, and rights for all human beings on this Earth. He focuses that Islam should formulate the laws through ijtihad on which shari‘ah doesn’t have anything to say. He emphasized on the importance of formulating the maslaha or the ‘public good’ and ahkam al-shari‘ah or ‘expediency laws’ to envisage new thought process to develop the understanding of giving equal rights to every one. He admits that any interpretation of Islamic tenets, which has been construed by Islamic religious heads or Islamic religious leaders cannot be held as mere will of the divine power or God. He vehemently opposes the formation of the Islamic state that has all the rights to form the Shari’ah, because he is fully aware of the fact that no human being can interpret the will of the God or divine power. If this is done, it will lead to misunderstanding or very limited understanding of the link or relation between the Islam and will of God and this in turn would mean trying to become equal to God and that’s the biggest sin. This will further lead to authoritative and oppressive state. He said that although Muslim jurists defined and formulated number of political systems, yet there is nothing specific mentioned in Qur’an about any form that Government wishes to take. But Qur’an does recognize social and political values which form the basis in an arena of Muslim politics. Three values that are so enshrined in the Islamic testament: â€Å"Are: pursuing justice through social cooperation and mutual assistance (Qur’an 49:13; 11:119); establishing a non-autocratic, consultative method of governance; and institutionalizing mercy and compassion in social interactions (6:12, 54; 21:107; 27:77; 29:51; 45. 20)†. (El Fadl, Democracy and Divine Sovereignty, 2) Overall Muslims should form the government that would help in endorsing these values. As he said, â€Å"Qur’an says that God has bestowed all human beings a divine power by making them viceroys of God on this earth: He says, â€Å"Remember, when your Lord said to the angels: ‘I have to place a vicegerent on earth,’ they said: ‘Will you place one there who will create disorder and shed blood, while we intone Your litanies and sanctify Your name? ’ And God said: ‘I know what you do not know’† (2:30). (El Fadl, The Case for Democracy, 3) Institutionally it can be pointed out that the ulama, or Jurists can act as interpreters of the words of God and define what is moral and what acts are immoral for the humans. Every word of them is the voice of the God. But the law of the state demands that no religion can be imposed on the working of the state because laws of the state have been formulated by the humans according to their own whims and state itself. And therefore in his own words, â€Å"Democracy is an appropriate system for Islam because it both expresses the special worth of human beings—the status of vicegerency—and at the same time deprives the state of any pretense of divinity by locating ultimate authority in the hands of the people rather than the ‘ulama†. (El Fadl, Shari‘ah and the Democratic State, 20) Finally he says that educators try to enthuse in the soul of the people the moral values of Qu’ran and induce the society to turn towards will of God. But in this world of today, if a person is morally strong but cannot imbibe by full majesty of God but still believes in the fundamental rights of individuals, still have to be answerable to the will of God. It’s not just the mirage of the El Fadl’s views but also the vision of the several scholars on the most crucial and complex subject, Islam and the Challenge of Democracy. The second section of the book consists of short responses to El Fadl’s essay by several scholars. Nader A. Hashemi says that the most prominent aspect to El Fadl is his belief that Democracy can be possible in Islamic countries, with this he proved false, the wildly held belief that Islam is not compatible to democracy. He further said that this idea has gained immense popularity after September 11. He states that biggest challenge in front of the Islamic nations is the choice that they have to make between the modernization and fanaticism and the future of the Middle East all depends on which of them will go for a longer period. John Esposito espoused that El Fadl indicates complex and multiple manner by which Qur’an can be interpreted by the religious fundamentalists, fanatics and politicians to fulfill their various social and political motives. Jeremy Waldron appreciates El Fadl’s study of the theory of the Islamic democracy. Jeremy says that El Fadl conceptualized in the most articulate way the issue of the Islamic tradition and the way in which he poises about the politics and the rule of law in the milieu of the medieval age and how these thoughts were so prevalent in the early modern thought in the Christian era. Also, how the moral and ethical values in the context of good governance had to struggle to make its place in front of scriptural authority and theocratic rule. The most enduring thing was that these ideas not only grew out of the abased environment but also actually kept on presenting itself by religious ideas and ecclesiastical practices. Muqtedar Khan talks about the â€Å"Pact of Medina†, which was signed between the Prophet and Jews and the pagans of the town. This pact he said could be utilized to give the Islamic world the model for democracy and pluralism. In this pact, all the parties were guaranteed equal rights and equal responsibilities. Echoing El Fadl, he pinpointed that Islam should be made a symbol of ethical values and moral principles and should solve all the problems from the new outlook and new democratic perspective. But Saba Mahmood criticized Fadl on the point of liberalization. She says that very concept of liberalization is full of contradictions and the limitations that follow. She further says that he focused more on rights of individuals than on community as a whole. El Fadl also ignored the human rights violations that follow liberalization, which are most popular in the most liberalized states like United States of America. Even Kevin Reinhart revokes same voice as Saba Mahmood by saying that El Fadl ignored the vital point of what the Western nations learned from their liberalized approach in their relations with the other countries including Islamic nations. The whole liberalized approach depends on polices of Westernized nations and the military interventions of the USA in Islamic countries jeopardized whole concept of democracy and liberalization. William Quandt too said that the absence of democracy in the Islamic countries do not lie in their religion perspective but the problem lies in the presence of monarchical or dictatorial regimes in these countries, which partially or all are backed by the Western powers. In William Quandt views lie the whole thrust of the problem in the Islamic countries. The requirement is the political and structural changes in the Islamic world that would bring about social and economic upliftment from the vision of democracy, which El Fadl, all the intellectuals and scholars agree won’t be welcomed by either the ruling regime or the Western allies. All in all, Islam and the Challenge of Democracy is the most thought provoking book ready to be explored and pondered in every religious and political arena of the Islamic world. WORKS CITED El Fadl, Abou Khaled. Islam and the Challenge of Democracy: Can individual rights and popular sovereignty take root in faith? Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004.

Science Neutralizing Lakes Essay Example for Free

Science Neutralizing Lakes Essay Part 1 – Design a strategy for neutralizing Fish Lake What do I know? (What do I remember about the neutralization reaction) Neutralization is when an acid and base are mixed together to me an ionic compound or which are 7 on the pH scale or pure water, it is also when a base and acid are mixed to make it in a neutral state. What am I wondering? (What are your rough ideas to fix an acidified lake?) I will be finding a base that will work the most effective way, also I will find a base that can fix a large amount of acidified lake water with a base that can neutralize it with less then the acidified lake water, I will also look for a base that can make sulfuric acid neutral As a class we got options to what we will conduct this experiment with the base I choose is Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and for the indicator to show that this will make it neutral is the Universal Indictor I choose that indicator because it has a wide color spectrum when being neutralized. Predictions How much base do you think do you think it will take to neutralize 5mL of acidified lake water? Why? I believe that it will take a little less then 5mL to neutralize it because it will rapidly dissolve and neutralize it. I also know because sodium hydroxide is very responsive once added it will take effect. Balanced Chemical Formula for Sodium hydroxide and Sulfuric Acid (Acidic Lake water) NaOH + H2SO4 - NaHSO4 + H2O How will you know when you have added the correct amount of base and why? I will be using the universal indicator when first added it will first be red, orange, and yellow thus meaning it’s an acid. I will know when it’s fully neutralized when it turns green, blue, and violet. I choose this indicator because it has a wide spectrum of colors, which can help me indicate if I have added the right amount of base. Experimental Set-up and procedure 1. First get all safety equipment needed (safety goggles, and glasses) 2. Receive a test tube 3. Add about 10 drops of acidified lake water to the test tube (10 drops = 5mL) 4. Receive your Indictor (universal indictor) 5. Add about 2 drops of the universal indictor to the acidified lake water 6. Acidified lake water turned orange which meant it was a acid 7. Then I received sodium hydroxide (NaOH) 8. I filled a dropper with NaOH 9. I dropped NaOH into the acidified lake water I seen drastic changes right away with the indictor it started to change right away 10. I added NaOH to the acidified lake water until the indictor turned into a color which was recognized as a base or neutral 11. It took about 9 drops which is less then 5mL to fully neutralize the acid in the water 12. I then recorded all my data to a piece of paper to keep for future references 13. At the end of this experiment I also conducted a next one all the previous steps above were followed but the base was changed to get a comparison 14. To complete my second experiment I used calcium carbonate (CaCo3) 15. I followed previous steps above 16. I added calcium carbonate (CaCo3) to the acidified lake water 17. It took about 15 – 20 drops of (Caco3) to neutralize the acid from the water 18. At the end of these experiments all equipment that I used was cleaned up and stored away to its proper location Record Lake water Acid | Indicator | Base | Observations| What volume of acidic lake water did you neutralize ?I used 10 drops of acidic lake water which is = to 5mL.| What indictor did you choose?Universal indicator I choose that because there is a wide color spectrum so you will see the neutralization when it’s happening.| What base did you choose?I choose sodium hydroxide because it can get the job done and rapidly neutralize acidic water. | How much base was needed to neutralize the acid? What else did you observe?It took about 9 drops of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) which is less then 5mL, I also noticed when adding NaOH the water started to neutralize right away you were able to see the indictor turning purple due to the fact that it was turning into a base.| Reflect Make conclusion by referring to your predictions from step 1. Did your data support these predictions? Why or why not? If not how has your thinking changed? My predictions were correct, my data did support these predictions I say that because when I conducted this experiment I did in fact use less then 5mL I used 9 drops of sodium hydroxide, which is about 4.8 mL. when I conducted this experiment I did have a worry it might be over 5mL because I was not sure my research prior to this lab. I also did know I added the right amount of indicator because when conducting this lab/experiment the indictor turned fully purple thus meaning it was neutralized. When using the universal indicator it has a wide color spectrum, which means it has different colors. When it’s an acid the color will be red, orange, and yellow. When it’s a base it will be green, blue, and violet. MSDS I kept this in mind when using these chemicals in this experiment In large amounts of NaOH is very harmful to human health also other life, I did keep that in mind but I did further research, when I did my research it did state when adding small amounts gradually it will dissolve with out a problem when adding large amounts will cause a problem to wild life and also human life. Small amounts will dissolve over time then add in more once dissolved. Suggest one way in which you could improve your experimental procedure. One way I could of improved in this experimental procedure is to get different bases to get a different observation, which will be a better base. It will be more effective because we have a wider range of bases, which could lead to better solutions.

Pathogenic Etiology of Atherosclerosis

Pathogenic Etiology of Atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis Heart Coronary Special Topics in Pathophysiology Introduction to the Components of the Cardiovascular System: To understand the basis of this paper, the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis, it is vital to appreciate the basic physiology of the heart, circulatory system, and most importantly, the coronary arteries. This fundamental comprehension will lay the foundation to better understand the devastation caused to the coronary arteries by the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. This may also provide insight into prevention and treatment strategies to counteract the destructive mechanism of this disease. The heart is a very small, vitally important organ composed of four muscular chambers: the right and left atria, and the right and left ventricles. The atria have relatively thin muscular walls, allowing them to be highly distensible [1]; whereas the ventricles are of greater muscular thickness, which is vital for pumping the blood to the pulmonary and systemic circuits. A normal healthy heart has two main functions: to pump blood to the pulmonary circuit where the blood becomes oxygenated and to pump the oxygen-rich blood to the systemic circuit. The heart is essentially a small, muscular pump that is responsible for propelling deoxygenated blood to the lungs, while correspondingly pumping nutrient rich, oxygenated blood to the body. Once the blood leaves the left ventricle, it enters the aorta and corresponding network of arteries that constitute the circulatory system. Blood vessels are divided into four categories: arteries (take oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body), arterioles (branch out from the arteries leading into the capillaries), capillaries (smallest of blood vessels where gas and nutrient exchange occurs), and veins (carry deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart). Arteries and veins have different functions; however, they both are composed of three distinct layers: tunica intima, tunica media, and the tunica adventita [2]. The tunica intima is the innermost layer of any given blood vessel; it includes the endothelial lining and a layer of connective tissue containing variable amounts of elastic fibers [3]. The tunica media is the middle layer which contains concentric sheets of smooth muscle composed of elastin and collagen fibers [3]. It is this smooth muscle that when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system either constricts, decreasing the diameter of the lumen (vasoconstriction), or it relaxes, increasing the diameter of the vessel lumen (vasodilation) [2]; the role of these vasoactivators will be discussed later in this paper. Lastly, the tunica adventitia is the outer most layer, which is composed of collagen and elastin fibers. Often, this outer layer is blended into adjacent tissues allowing the anchoring and stabilization of some vessels [2]. As the heart is an organ continuously doing work, the cardiac muscle cells are in need of a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients. It is the coronary circulation that is responsible for the blood supply to the cardiac tissues, via an extensive network of coronary arteries. Both the left and right coronary arteries originate from the base of the ascending aorta within the aortic sinus [1,3]. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays an important role as neurogenic stimuli have the ability to restrain the extent of coronary vasodilation. This neuromodulation governs the rate of release of vasoconstrictive norepinephrine (NE), which is increased by the adrenergic activation and angiotension II (AII) [1]. Other vasoconstrictors include ÃŽ ±1 and ÃŽ ±2 adrenergic activity, AII, and endothelin. Vasoconstrictive stimuli are also responsible for an increase in free cytosolic calcium in the vascular smooth muscle, resulting in the homeostasis of myocardial contraction [4]. Importantly, these vasoconstrictive adrenergic influences are opposed by vasodilatory influences such as ÃŽ ²-adrenergic vascular receptors and metabolic mechanisms such as nitric oxide (NO), adenosine (ATP) and the activation of vascular ATP dependent potassium channels (KATP) [1]. With this, there are three essential regulators of coronary tone: i) the metabolic vasodilatory system; ii) the neurogenic control system (more vasoconstrictive than vasodilatory); and iii) the vascular epithelium, which can be either vasodilatory by releasing NO or vasoconstrictive by releasing endothelin-1 [1, 4]. Thus, we must keep in mind that endothelin-1 is one of the more powerful vasoconstrictors, especially when endothelial damage is extensive [1, 4]. These vasoactive substances are activated by their respective and very different, signaling pathways; thus contributing to the complexities of atherosclerosis, making it a true multifactorial disease. As with other vessels within the body, when there is an increased demand for oxygen, vasodilation of the coronary arteries occurs. This vasodilation is usually mediated by the release of NO from healthy endothelium; in contrast, when the endothelium is damaged, it releases vasoconstrictive endothelin [1]. It is because of their vital importance that the coronary arteries have gained popular attention when they are partially or completely occluded by atherosclerotic plaques. These atherosclerotic plaques cause inadequate oxygen supply to the cardiac tissue resulting in tissue death (myocardial infarction), and various other forms of heart diseases [1]. Therefore without an adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients to the myocardial muscle, the heart will cease to function properly. This basic foundation will give us a better idea on how a healthy cardiovascular system functions. Therefore allowing us to understand the drastic effects a disease such as atherosclerosis can have on this system. The main focus of this paper will be on atherosclerosis; however other forms of heart disease will be discussed to solidify the idea of how destructive atherosclerosis can be. Thus, the remainder of this paper will focus on the cellular mechanisms behind atherosclerosis, along with old and new thoughts in regards to the etiology and treatment options for this type of heart disease. Their Underlying Relation of Atherosclerosis to Other Coronary Heart Diseases: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has emerged as the dominant chronic disease in many parts of the world, and early in the 21st century it is predicted to become the main cause of disability and death worldwide [5]. CVD represents a very broad category of conditions that affect the heart and circulatory system. Common risk factors include: blood pressure (hypertension), total cholesterol (LDL and HDL), diabetes, obesity, left ventricular hypertrophy, and genetic predisposition [6]. The most prominent and worrisome of these diseases are those that contribute to coronary heart disease. The coronary heart diseases of interest include: ischemic heart disease, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, and most importantly, atherosclerosis. As a result of these coronary heart diseases, cardiac output is often depressed and often increases the oxygen demand needed by the cardiac tissues. Therefore the effects of coronary heart disease cannot be taken lightly, as the effects can be highly variable, ranging from diffuse damage, to localized narrowing or stenosis of the coronary arteries [7]. Importantly, these coronary diseases have direct vasodilatory effects of the coronary circulation, acting by the formation of adenosine and NO, and the opening of the KATP channels; also the vascular endothelium is damaged, causing the vasodilatory stimuli to be overcome by the vasoconstrictors such as endothelin and AII [1]. By discussing these other forms of coronary heart disease, the reader will better understand the relationship between these diseases and atherosclerosis; allowing a better understanding of the importance for prevention and treatment strategies of coronary heart disease. Traditionally, it has been thought that the major cause of myocardial ischemia is the result of fixed vessel narrowing and abnormal vascular tone, caused by atherosclerosis-induced endothelial cell dysfunction [6]. This narrowing of the coronary arteries reduces the blood and oxygen flow to the myocardial tissues. It is the cessation of the myocardial blood flow due to atherosclerotic occlusions that results in the immediate physiological and metabolic changes. Unfortunately, the heart cannot increase oxygen extraction on demand, therefore any additional oxygen requirements are met by increasing the blood flow and autoregulation of the coronary vasculature [6]. This oxygen imbalance may also be an underlying cause for not only myocardial ischemia, but contractile cardiac dysfunction, arrhythmias, infarction, and sometimes death [5]. However, important to note is the heart’s unique ability to adapt to these sudden changes in coronary blood flow by correspondingly decreasing the rate of cardiac contraction [1,5]. Thus, the decreased work during ischemia proportionately decreases the oxygen demand and helps conserve the underperfused myocardium [1]; this protective mechanism prevents further damage and cell death due to decreased oxygen levels. Besides physiological factors, there are also metabolic changes that occur immediately after the initial onset of ischemia. The myocardial energy metabolism shifts from aerobic (mitochondrial) metabolism to anaerobic glycolysis within a few seconds [5]; simultaneously, the energy depletion causes the myocardial contraction to diminish, eventually ceasing altogether. Consequently, due to the inhibited mitochondrial metabolism, there is an increase in adenosine concentrations; which causes the adenosine to bind to the smooth muscle receptors, decreasing calcium entry into the cells, thus causing relaxation due to vasodilation [7,8]. Overall, the inability to meet the myocardial oxygen demand often results in severe, vice-like chest pain, or more commonly known as angina pectoris. Angina pectoris often is an associated symptom of myocardial ischemia and is the common medical term used to describe chest pain or discomfort due to coronary heart disease without myocardial necrosis. Interestingly, angina can also occur in people with valvular disease, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and uncontrolled high blood pressure (hypertension). Currently there are three major variations of angina pectoris. The first is known as stable angina, or more commonly, chronic stable angina. This form of angina is characterized by a fixed, obstructive atheromous plaque in one or more coronary arteries [1,7,9]. Patients who suffer from chronic stable angina usually have episodes of discomfort that are usually predictable. The discomfort is experienced shortly after over exertion and/or mental or emotional stress; these symptoms are usually relieved by rest, nitroglycerin, or a combination of both. Again, the major contributing factor in stable angina is due to the coronary vasoconstrict ion caused by atherosclerotic endothelial dysfunction [7]. A second form of angina is known as unstable angina. Unstable angina is characterized by unexpected chest pain which usually occurs at rest without any type of physical exertion. This chest pain is due to coronary artery stenosis caused by atherosclerotic plaque or the narrowing of the vessels obstructed by blood clots. Also other key factors in unstable angina include inflammation and infection [7,9]. The last form of angina is the variant angina, or more commonly known as Prinzmetal’s Angina [7]. This form of angina is manifested by episodes of focal coronary artery spasm in the absence of atherosclerotic lesions [7,9]. The coronary vasospasm alone reduces coronary oxygen supply and is thought to be caused in response to abnormal endothelial dependent vasodilators (Acetylcholine – ACh, and serotonin) [1,7]. These coronary spasms are often manifested by the coronary atheroma which damages the vascular endothelium, causing a decreased production of vasodilators (NO and prostaglandin – PGI2) and an increase in vasoconstrictive factors such as endothelin and AII [1]. Often when someone is diagnosed with either form of angina, they are usually monitored closely, as they are at an increased risk of a heart attack (myocardial infarction), cardiac arrest, or sudden cardiac death. A myocardial infarction (heart attack) is the resultant complication when the blood supply to part of the heart is interrupted. This ischemic oxygen shortage causes damage and sometimes death to the heart tissues. Important associated risk factors include: atherosclerosis, previous heart attack or stroke, smoking, high LDL and low HDL cholesterol levels, diabetes, obesity, and high blood pressure [10]. Often referred to as an acute myocardial infarction, it is part of the acute coronary syndromes which includes ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and unstable angina [1,7,10]. As with angina, the pain experienced may result from the release of mediators such as adenosine and lactate from the ischemic myocardial cells onto the local nerve endings [7]. This ischemic persistence triggers a process called the ischemic cascade [5], which usually results in tissue death due to necrosis. Certain factors such as psychological stressors and physical exertion have been identified as major triggering factors involved with acute myocardial infarctions. Often these acute myocardial infarctions are brought on by the rupturing of atherosclerotic plaques, which then promote thrombus (blood clot) formation causing further occlusion of the arteries. This atherosclerotic blockage thus initiates myocardial necrosis, which in turn activates systemic responses to inflammation causing the release of cytokines interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFÃŽ ±) [7,10]. Damaged caused by myocardial necrosis includes: i) loss of critical amount of ATP, ii) membrane damag e induced metabolically or mechanically, iii) formation of free radicals, iv) calcium overload, and v) sodium pump inhibition [1]. Apart from damaging the myocardial tissue, an acute myocardial infarction can cause varying pathophysiological changes in other organ systems. Some of these changes include: decreased pulmonary function – gas exchange, ventilation, and distribution of perfusion, decreased vital capacity; reduction in hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen, causes hyperglycemia and impaired glucose function, increases the plasma and urinary catecholamine levels (thus enhancing platelet aggregation), and also has been found to increase blood viscosity [5]. From the above evidence, we can see that coronary heart disease should not be looked at light heartedly. It is due to their similarity that the different coronary heart diseases can be diagnosed using a given set of molecular markers and other diagnostic tools. Serum cardiac markers have become widely used when it comes to diagnosing the extent and type of coronary heart disease a patient is symptomatic of. Also, these tests have allowed physicians to diagnose an additional one third of patients that do not exhibit all criteria of a given disease [5], thus preventing more premature deaths. The most common of these cardiac markers are myocardial bound creatine kinase (CK-MB), and cardiac troponin l and t (cTnl and cTnT). These markers are often found within a blood sample as levels start to rise between 3-8 hours and 3-4 hours respectively [7]. More recently, new ‘risk factor’ biomarkers such as C-reactive protein (CRP), myeloperoxidase (MPO) [11, 12], and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 [12] are being studied more in depth as alternative cardiac markers. Although cardiac biomarkers are heavily used, the role of noninvasive technologies also plays a major role in diagnosing coronary heart disease. These noninvasive metho ds include electrocardiography, exercise stress testing, echocardiography, cardiovascular MRI, and CT imaging of the heart [5]. Some invasive, intravascular techniques include ultrasound, thermography, near infrared spectroscopy, cardiac catheterization, and cardiac angiography [12]. As coronary heart disease is the leading cause of hospitalization and death among today’s population, primary and secondary prevention strategies need to be considered with the utmost importance. Primary prevention generally means the effort set forth to modify risk factors and prevent their development delaying or preventing new onset coronary heart disease [13]. As for secondary prevention, this often refers to the therapy involved to reduce recurrent coronary heart disease events; thus secondary preventions are essentially treatment strategies. The most common and less intensive of these treatment strategies are that of the pharmaceutical therapies. Often, these drug regimes range from the daily aspirin intake to angiotension-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi), to ÃŽ ²-blockers and nitrates [12]. These drug therapies often lower the risk of recurrent cardiovascular events. Unfortunately daily drug regimes do not work for everyone. Some people have their coronary heart dise ase surgically corrected either by angioplasty (insertion of stent to keep the blocked vessel open) or by means of a more complex surgery consisting of a single to multiple coronary artery bypass. With everything considered, drug therapies and surgical correction are only a means of correcting the problem; patients are also encouraged to increase physical activity and change their daily dietary habits in becoming more successful in reducing risk of development or progression of coronary artery disease. These different forms of coronary heart disease are very closely related to one another, more importantly, closely related to atherosclerosis. As discussed previously, coronary heart diseases are characterized by the narrowing or stenosis of the coronary vessels, usually caused by the atherosclerotic plaque formation due to endothelial cell dysfunction. As a result, atherosclerosis is the underlying mechanism for ischemic heart disease, angina pectoris (stable, unstable, and variant), myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death [12]. Therefore it is important to understand the cellular pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, which will lead to a better understanding resulting in better prevention and treatment strategies for all forms of atheroma induced coronary heart disease. Introduction to Atherosclerosis: Atherosclerosis, the primary etiology of cardiovascular disease, is characterized by intimal plaque that forms as a time-dependent response to arterial injury [14]. Atherosclerosis is a disease affecting the arterial blood vessels, which is commonly known as â€Å"hardening of the arteries.† This form of coronary heart disease is the principle source of both cerebral and myocardial infarction, gangrene of the extremities, and loss of function of both organs and tissues [15]; this disease is ultimately responsible for a majority of deaths in North America, Europe, and Japan [16]. The method of atherogenesis is not fully understood, however there are a number of current models that suggest that stressors corrupt the vascular integrity allowing the abnormal accumulation of lipids, cells and extracellular matrix within the arterial wall [7]. Due to its very slow progression, it is not surprising that atherosclerosis goes undetected and remains asymptomatic until the atheroma obstr ucts the blood flow within the artery [14,16]; hence atherosclerosis is often referred to as the â€Å"silent killer†. Often, the atherosclerotic plaque can be divided into three distinct components. The first being the atheroma, which is the nodular accumulation of the soft, flaky, and yellow material of the plaques, usually composed of macrophages closest to the lumen of the artery. The second component is the underlying areas of cholesterol crystals, and the third is the calcification at the outer base of the older/more advanced lesions [17]. Collectively, these components constitute the basis of the atherosclerotic plaques. These atherosclerotic plaques are responsible for the arterial narrowing (stenosis) or they may rupture and provoke thrombosis [7, 14, 15]; either way the atherosclerotic plaque causes an insufficient blood supply to the heart and other organs. As discussed previously, the atherosclerotic plaques lead to other major complications such as ischemia, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, stroke, and causes impaired blood flow to the kidneys and lower extremities. Interestingly, arteries without many branches (internal mammary or radial arteries) tend not to develop atherosclerosis [5]. One of the most evidence-based hypotheses regarding atherogenesis is that of the response-to-injury hypothesis. This hypothesis suggests that the atherosclerotic lesions represent a specialized form of a protective, inflammatory, fibroproliferative response to various forms of insult to the arterial wall [15]. This seems to be a reoccurring theme, as now atherosclerosis is considered to be a form of chronic inflammation between modified lipoproteins, monocyte derived macrophages, T cells, and normal cellular elements of the arterial wall [16, 18]. As with other diseases, there are a number of physiological factors that increases one’s risk for developing atherosclerosis. These factors include: age, sex, diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance, hypertension, tobacco smoking, estrogen status, physical inactivity, metabolic syndrome, and dyslipidemia [7, 19]. The remainder of this paper will shift its focus to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis including the ideas of endothelial dysfunction, lipoprotein entry and modification, recruitment of leukocytes, recruitment of smooth muscle; as well as other contributing factors such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes. Also, the cellular complications of atherosclerosis will be discussed. Endothelial Dysfunction – Primary Initiation of Atherosclerosis: Healthy arteries are often responsive to various stimuli, including the shear stress of blood flow and various neurogenic signals. These endothelial cells secrete substances that modulate contraction and dilation of the smooth muscle cells of the underlying medial layer [7]. These healthy endothelial cells are also responsible for the inhibition of migration of smooth muscle cells to the intimal layer [20] and they also play an important role in immune responses. Normal functional characteristics of healthy endothelium includes: i) ability to act as a permeable barrier between the intravascular and tissue space, ii) ability to modify and transport lipoproteins into the vessel wall, iii) acts as a non-thrombogenic and non-leukocyte adherent surface, iv) acting as a source of vasoactive molecules, v) act as a source of growth regulatory molecules, and vi) a source of connective tissue matrix molecules [14, 15]. Overall, in a normal, healthy state, the endothelial layer provides a prote ctive, non-thrombogenic surface with homeostatic vasodilatory and anti-inflammatory properties [7]. It is widely known that the endothelium is responsible for the synthesis and release of several vasodilators such as: NO, endothelium derived hyperpolarizing factors (EDHFs), endothelial derived relaxing factors (EDRFs), and prostacyclin (PGI2) [7, 20]. These vasodilators utilize a G-coupled signaling pathway, where NO diffuses from the endothelium to the vascular smooth muscle where it activates guanylyl cyclase (G-cyclase) [7]. The G-cyclase in turn forms cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) from cGTP; an increase in cGMP results in smooth muscle relaxation which subsequently involves a reduction of cytosolic Ca2+. Aside from these anti-thrombic substances, the endothelium also produces prothrombic molecules including endothelin-1 and other endothelium derived contracting factors (EDFCs) [20]. Importantly, the endothelium derived NO not only modulates the tone of the underlying vascular smooth muscle, but is also responsible for the inhibition of several proatherogenic processes. These processes include smooth muscle proliferation and recruitment, platelet aggregation, oxidation of low density lipoproteins (LDLs), monocyte and leukocyte recruitment, platelet adhesion, and the synthesis of inflammatory cytokines [20]. Therefore, relating back to the response-to-injury hypothesis, loss of these endothelial functions promotes endothelial dysfunction, thus acting as the primary event in atherogenesis. Endothelial dysfunction is considered to be an initiating event which leads to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. For this reason endothelial dysfunction has been shown to be of prognostic significance in predicting such vascular events as heart attacks or strokes [21]. It has been established that endothelial cell dysfunction is characterized by alterations in vascular permeability and inadequate production of NO [4, 22, 23]; thus predisposing the endothelium to the development of atheromas. Interestingly, in response to initial atheroma formation, the arteries often dilate, causing outward remodeling of the vessel for this accommodation [4]; however if this remodeling is insufficient, the blood flow is impaired, thus causing ischemia [4]. Several physical and chemical factors are responsible for affecting normal endothelial function. Some common factors discussed previously include diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, smoking, age, diet, and physical inactivity. However, more importantly are the physiological factors: i) impairment of the permeable barrier, ii) release of inflammatory cytokines, iii) increase transcription of cell-surface adhesion molecules, iv) altered release of vasoactive substances (PGI2 and NO), and v) interference with normal anti-thrombotic properties [7]. Commonly, endothelial dysfunction is characterized by the reduction of vasodilators NO and PGI2, and the increase of various endothelial derived contracting factors [23, 24]. This impairment may also predispose the vessels to vasospasm [22]. This decrease in NO bioavailability is thought to cause a decreased level of expression of endothelial cell NO synthetase (eNOS) [21], thus reducing the likelihood of vasodilation from occurring. Apart from its vasodilatory role, NO is also responsible for resisting inflammatory activation of endothelial functions such as expression of the adhesion molecule VCAM-1 [5]. NO has also appeared to exert anti-inflammatory action at the level of gene expression by interfering with nuclear factor kappa B (NFÃŽ ºB), which is important in regulating numerous genes involved in inflammatory responses [5]; these inflammatory responses will be discussed later on. The other common vasodilator, PGI2 is also reduced during endothelial dysfunction. PGI2 is a major product of vascular cyclooxygenase (COX) and is considered a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation [20]. Like NO, PGI2 is an endothelial derived product which is often produced in response to shear stress (commonly caused by blood flow) and hypoxia [20]. By understanding the other roles NO and PGI2 play within the endothelium, we can see that a decrease in one or the other ultimately leads to dysfunction and disruption of the endothelium. As a result of vasodilator reduction, the endothelium often synthesizes and releases EDCFs causing endothelial constriction. The major constrictors include superoxide anions (which act by scavenging NO – thus further reducing NO levels), thromboxane A2, endothelin-1, AII, and ÃŽ ±-adrenergic factors [20]. Unlike the vasodilators, the vasoconstrictors utilize two signaling pathways. The ÃŽ ± 1-adrenergic receptor signaling pathways utilize the same G-coupled pathway as the vasodilators (discussed previously) however instead of cGMP; it ut ilizes cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) [1]. The other constrictors including thromboxane A2, endothelin-1 and AII utilize the cAMP-dependent protein kinase pathway; where the activated kinase acts as a trigger for various physiological effects, including increased contractile activity on the arterioles [1]. The overall progression of atherosclerotic plaque formation is best illustrated in Figure 1, which showcases multiple events that are simultaneously triggered by endothelial dysfunction. Apart from the imbalance of vasoactivators, endothelial dysfunction is responsible for initiating two other separate pathways that also participate in the progression of plaque formation and growth. Lipoprotein entry is the next initial stage in atherogenesis. This is then followed by the modification and entry of lipoproteins, the recruitment of leukocytes, and the migration and proliferation of smooth muscle cells. Overall this â€Å"evolutionary† process best represents the formation of atherosclerotic plaques within the vessels. Lipoprotein Entry and Modification: Lipid accumulation is another major manifestation of the vascular response to injury, and is accelerated by the entry and modification of lipoproteins. Lipoproteins are composed of both lipids and proteins, and help transport water-insoluble fats throughout the bloodstream [7, 25]. The lipid core is surrounded by hydrophilic phospholipids, free cholesterol and apoliporoteins; where the protein portion has a charged group, aimed outwards to attack water molecules, thus making the lipoproteins soluble in the plasma of the blood [26, 27]. In total, there are five major classes of lipoproteins: the chylomicrons, very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs), intermediate low density lipoproteins (ILDLs), low density lipoproteins (LDLs), and the high density lipoproteins (HDLs). The chylomicrons provide the primary means of transport of dietary lipids, while the VLDLs, ILDLs, LDLs, and HDLs function to transport endogenous lipids [16, 25]. Of the lipoproteins, the LDLs are of most interest. Inter estingly high LDL levels often correlate closely with atherosclerosis development, whereas high HDL levels protect against atherosclerosis; the HDL protection is thought to be related to its ability to transport lipids away from the peripheral tissues back to the liver for disposal [7]. A key component to the accumulation of lipids is due to the endothelial dysfunction, which causes a loss of selective permeability and barrier function. This ineffective permeability allows for the entry of LDLs into the intima lining of the vessels [7, 16]. The highly elevated circulating levels of LDLs are colloquially referred to as having hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, or dyslipidemia [7, 25-27]. In either case, once the LDL has entered the intima of the vessel, the LDL starts accumulating in the subendothelial space by binding to components of the extracellular matrix, the proteoglycans; lipolytic and lysosomal enzymes also play a role in lipid accumulation [27]. Importantly, statins lower circulating cholesterol levels by indirectly inhibiting HMG CoA-reductase (rate limiting enzyme required for endogenous cholesterol biosynthesis [16]. This results in the decrease of intracellular cholesterol levels, which leads to the activation of SREBP, upregulation of LDL receptors, and the clearance from plasma degradation of LDL; thus reducing circulating LDL levels [16]. When the lipid accumulation increases the residence time that the LDL occupies within the vessel wall, it allows more time for lipoprotein modification [7]; which appears to play a key role in the continued progression of the atherosclerotic plaque. Often, endothelial cell dysfunction leads to the altered expression of lipoprotein receptors used to internalize and modify various lipoproteins [14]. These changes usually occur via oxidative modifications. The oxidative modification hypothesis (figure 2) focuses on the concept that LDLs in their native state are often not atherogenic [27]. It is believed, however, that LDLs are modified chemically by the endothelial cells [26] and are readily internalized by macrophages (formation of the foam cell) via the ‘scavenger-receptor’ pathway [27]. Essentially the â€Å"trapped† LDL within the subendothelial space is oxidized by the resident vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and macrophages. As a result t

Great Chicago Fire Essay -- American History

Great Chicago Fire I have no passion or desire to write about a thunderous destruction of a city or the death of hundreds of people. Yes, I have no connection to this topic, besides my home being 30 minutes from downtown Chicago, but that does not mean that this fire does not pertain to me or anyone who lives in a completely different state for that matter. So, just because I have never experienced a disaster of this magnitude does not mean that my lips should stay shut regarding the topic of the Great Chicago Fire. What must be done is to look at events and, for that matter, life in a certain perspective that is not always one-sided. This one-sidedness can come from focusing on a particular outcome without realizing what else can come from that desired outcome. The Great Chicago Fire occurred during October 8th and 9th of 1871. The weeks leading up to this disaster were spent with an extremely watchful eye on the city due to the lack of rain. So, one spark or one small fire could start an extremely large fire because of how much wood had been used to build the city. There were even warnings given in form of a building inspection department idea that would inform the city that the buildings were â€Å"shoddily constructed firetraps†, according to the Tribune at the time. However, the city did nothing about the proposed problem of a dangerous fire breakout and paid the price. It came to the evening of October 8th, 1871 and the table had been set. It is still unclear how the fire had started because one newspaper claimed that a cow kicked over a lantern to start a barn on fire. However, that newspaper retracted their claims when charges of slander surfaced. The fact of the matter is, it started on t... ...ou are not heading down the life path that you had wanted since you were young. You would have a chance to go ahead and change your life and your happiness simply because you got canned. Obviously, if you did not get fired you would not have had that chance to sit back and realize your life is sliding away in the wrong direction. Indeed, that is a very extreme example of how this question would apply to everyday life, but it works with those events of the simplest nature too. If one looks at disasters in this way, it is much easy for it to be rationalized. How do people who do not believe in a God and its plan for everyone deal with the fact that so many people perished from one act. There is no good reason for mass amounts of people to die, but if something greater comes from it regarding the well-being of many more people it makes it more bearable.

Essay --

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a disorder that affects people who have witnessed/experienced a traumatic or terrifying event that causes intense mental issues. PTSD is usually found in war veterans, rape victims, or murder witnesses. Anyone who suffers from PTSD has a large option of treatments to choose from. About 3.6% of adult Americans (5.2 million people) suffer from PTSD. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is a mental disorder in which people who have had a traumatic experience that mentally scars them, the symptoms of PTSD usually can cause intense situations in everyday life, but the victims have a whole lot of treatments they can choose from. 3.6% of adults in America suffer from PTSD in 1 year and 7.8 million Americans will or have experienced PTSD in their life. Women run a higher risk of developing PTSD more than men because they are victimized more then men in domestic violence, abuse, and rape. If PTSD symptoms are diagnosed, a doctor will evaluate medical history and conduct a physical exam. The doctor might also test for common symptoms of physical illnesses. If no physical illnesses are found, they may refer you to a psychiatrist or psychologist. Psychiatrists and psychologists use specially trained to interview and assess tools to evaluate a patient for an anxiety disorder. The doctor bases their diagnosis of PTSD on any reported problems with functioning caused by the symptoms. The doctor then determines if the symptoms and degree of dysfunction indicates PTSD. The diagnosis of PTSD is determined if the person’s symptoms have lasted more than one month. Everyone that has Witnesses a traumatic event reacts differently. Each person is unique in their ability to manage fear and stress and cope with the threa... ...and emotional conflicts caused by the traumatic event. Family therapy is useful because the behavior of the PTSD victim can have an effect on the other members of their family, so getting the family together to help cope with the PTSD. Group therapy helps by allowing the victim to share thoughts and feelings with other people who have also experienced and had PTSD. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing is a complex form of psychotherapy alleviates distress linked with traumatic memories but also treats phobias. PTSD is a mental disorder in which a victim can become hostile in everyday situations but they have many treatments that can help them with their disorder. Ms. Nordin is an English teacher. Treatments for PTSD can include medicine or psychology. PTSD mostly occurs in war veterans. PTSD is no laughing matter and should be treated as soon as possible.

The Role of the Teachers Essay -- essays papers

The Role of the Teachers Engaging the Children’s Attention "It is interesting to note that during the next twenty or so years, the first generation of teachers who have never known a world without television and computers will be taking control of the educational system" (Dusewicz, 1982, p.11). This new generation of educators will need to modify their approach to teaching in order to better suit the ample technological resources available to aid in student learning. One way to meet the rising demands of educational instruction is to implement a variety of technological multimedia into the curriculum. Multimedia is defined by the ERIC (EBSCO) database as â€Å"the integration of more than one medium in a presentation or module of instruction† (2005). The first step in implementing innovative multimedia in the preschool classroom is to engage the wandering attentions of a large group of young children. One way this can be accomplished is by combining a variety of technological media such as images, sound, motion, interactivity, and tex t/words in such a way to communicate information (Cole, Means, Simkins, & Tavalin, 2002). Images in the form of maps, photographs, drawings, etc. have the potential to enhance student learning by implementing a visual aspect to the teaching method. Text can be in the form of simple one word expressions or detailed paragraphs rich in information. In the preschool classroom, it is most efficient to utilize text on a one word level so children can become familiar with the alphabet. This is the first step in building a foundation for recognizing the connection between objects or concepts and written words. To further personalize multimedia through technological resources, a variety of fonts and word art ... ...(1982). The impact of computerization on children's toys and games. Journal of Children in Contemporary Society, 14, 73-82. This article examines computerized toys and how they impact the children who use them. Snelbecker, G. E. (1982). Impact of computers and electronic technology on the teaching methodologies and the learning process. Journal of Children in Contemporary Society, 14, 43-53. This article explores key issues to consider before implementing technology in schools. The Baltimore Sun (2004, April). Earlier Learning: The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved on April 27, 2005, from www.thebaltimoresun.com. This article discusses the importance of early childhood education programs for the foundation of important life skills. Henry, S. (2005, May). The Family Channel: The Washington Post. Retrieved on May 3, 2005, from www.thewashingtonpost.com.

Life of Pi Animals Essay

Acting and speaking before THINKING, this goes back to a humans’ primitive stage. We are all animals, in the sense that we are mammals. Manifested through our psyche or personality, each animal has a different representation. From personality traits, behavior or even symbolism, animals have the ability to portray these features in humans. In Yann Martel’s Life of Pi, four distinct animals are manifested in the main character’s (Pi Patel)spirit. These four animals a zebra, which symbolizes the struggle to survive and docility, the orangutan – a nurturing mother personality, the hyena for desperation and evil, then lastly the tiger, Richard Parker which represents perseverance and companionship. When one visits the zoo, the most submissive creature there to see is the zebra. Marked with bold black and white stripes to show endurance, the zebra is still indecisive and unassertive. Relating back to Pi Patel, even from the beginning of the novel he cannot make up his mind about which religion to follow. This shows when his indetermination leads him from being a Muslim, to Hinduism, to Christianity. Also, as the hyena attacks the zebra for food, the animal strives to defend himself by thrashing about the boat. Severely wounded and painfully struggling to fight the battle, zebras determination to stay alive and survive the attack from the hyena. This is also a small wake up call to Pi who is also growing weak day in and day out while a hungry Bengal tiger sleeps only a few feet away. However the need to survive and the life of force is a character trait that the zebra and Pi Patel have in common, not to mention uncertainty.

Food Processing Essay

Introduc? on nourishment perception is a ? years embodying the applica? on of modern science and technology to the produc? on, mould, diversi? ca? on, preserva? on and u? liza? on of provender for thought. sustenance is very essen? al to mans survival and broad a? en? on should be paid to provender produc? on, distribu? on, salutaryness and preserva? on.To ensure that intell electroshockual nourishment is clean and safe for human consump? on and having keeping eccentric, victuals scien? sts atomic number 18 accountable in seeing that the crop harvested, the ? sh caught, that sensual slaughtered, the egg laid and the milk produced irritate the consumer in the approximately acceptable, nutri? ous safe and vigorous condi?on by conservatively analyse the chemical complexi? es of viands, their vulnerability to spoilage, their distemper vectors and varying sources of produc? on. regimen for thought scien? sts try to go seasonal gluts and utterlyage by providing a technologic solelyy sound base for the levelling come in of pabulum surpluses and shortages with and among countries and regions. They also see to the right for the malady of post-harvest losses in viands grains in the highly industrialised socie? es has been the emergence, along with increase in endure poten? al of adequate storage and low-down- apostrophize processing technologies to preserve and store the harvest.The development and produc? on and revolutionary nutri? ous nourishments to improve the nutrition of people su%ering from malnutri? on, the provision of adequate conclave speci? c diets for the young and adults performing below condi? ons of stress, pregnant and lacta? ng m otherwises, kwashiorkor and diabe? cs pa? ents. Scope of forage science The ground of food science is in twofold 1. To make it possible to assemble the non bad(p) quan es of food required by a crowded popula? on.2. To make the food agreeable to the consumers that is to say, to p rovide them so uttermost as is possible with the kind and quality of food they demand at all ? mes of the year doing this partly by pull offfully controlling the quan? ty and uni-forrming of the commodi? es produced and partly by constant e%ort to produce something new ( a new cut offfast food, a new kind of co%ee essence or indeed a new kind food altogether and by these mean keeping up with popula? on demands).3. To maintain and improve the nutri? onal evaluate of the total food supply and be establish the health of the community ea? ng it. do-nothingonic conventions of food science Food processing and preserva? on either local or interna? onal mist follow basic principles 1. work surface and environment essential be unbroken clean and spillage must be wiped o%.2. Food central processor must observe personal hygiene, which involves cleanliness and veneration of the body to delay the spread of infec? ons. 3. cleanup utensils should be used during the processing food i n order to prevent food contamina? on. 4.The process ad preserva? on sports stadium must be clean endlessly so that the task of the food prepara? on and preserva? on may be performed without hazards to the body. outline history and growth of food science The history of food science bottom of the inning be traced back to ancient ? mes from ? me gray individuals and community have organised themselves in various way to provide for the preven? on of food micro existences which leads to deteriora? on of food, processing and preserva? on which leads to treatment and promo? on of health eaten wholesome food.In 1840 industrial revolu? on was started in England, which brought about of food science during this period. in that location was extensive industrial use of new developed machine e. g. the steam railway locomotive and mass produc? on techniques. Also during the ? rst and blurb world wars, there was increase in the bulk manufacture of food as a result of commercial provide in most part of the world. hence the prepara? on centre became over u? lized including sta%, which eventually results to the gross contamina? on of food.This helps in crea? ng the aw atomic number 18ness from ? me to ? me to safeguard the produc? on of food, and totally free from micro organism from food which argon meant for consump? on. Rela? onship among food science nutri? on and diete? cs Food science deals with the basic chemical, bio chemical, physical and biophysical kosher? es of foods and their cons? tuents, thus very close related to nutri? on which is the take up of the nutrients in rela? on to their func? ons in the body. It also involves the study of the chemical and physical proper? es of the nutrients, their food source, de? ciency symptoms and their appropriate propor? on in a balanced diet.These two (food science and nutri? on) are related to diete? cs in the sense that the diete? c is the prac? cal applica? on of the principle of nutri? on, which includes the pl anning of meals for the healthy and the sick. Assignment What is rela? onship between food science catering and hotel management. Food processing. There are modes involved in prepara? on of food.These methods include material use (washing, cleaning e. t. c ) during, mixing, crushing, hea?ng, cooling or freezing and packing). Reasons for food processing 1. To prevent food spoilage. 2. To prolong shelf life. 3. To annul was? ng of food especially when they are in season. 4. To allow for the use of food during the o% season. 5. To introduce variety into the family menu.6. To conk the purchase of the food when they are most expensive. 7. To be able to take care of emergency situa? ons. Food preserva? on Food preserva? on is the act of keeping food for a interminable period of ? me in the first place it is consumed. It may involve the addi? on of other substances or changing the form of the foodstu% to another(prenominal) food through processing or keeping the food especially kno wing containers or equipment.Principle underlying food preserva? on The act of food preserva? on is based on the following a. Destruc? on of microorganisms. b. Preven? on of microorganism entering into the food. c. find out of the ac? on of food enzymes. 10 methods of food prepara? on Drying this is the process which the piddle content of the food is reduced. Both food enzymes and food microorganisms require urine for ac? on and growth. The removal of water from the food creates an unfavourable environment for their ac? on and growth, hence they are unable to cause food spoilage.Drying can be achieved by sun drying or by ar cial dryer or roas? ng on a ? re. Examples of food preserved by drying is legumes, cereals, meat, ? sh etc. the preserva? on of food by drying can either be by dehydra? on or concentra? on. A i. Dehydra? on is the process by which all the water content of the food is removed and the resul? ng product is very dry and break with a snappy sound, food items ordin arily dehydrated are ? sh, meat, yam cassava, cereals and legumes. ii. Concentra? on is the removal of a considerate touchstone of water from food stu%s by the applica? on of warmth, cooking e. g. tomato plant puree, capsicum puree etc.There are di%erent types of drying which are solar drying, oven drying, freezing, roller drying, clean drying, tunnel drying and spray drying B. Applica? on of low temperature this is the process of keeping food at a low temperature e. g. chilling and freezing. In chilling, the food is kept in the refrigerator while in freezing, the food is kept in the freezer. Freezing is keeping the food at a temperature below 0oC or 32oF, which solidi? es the food. Freezing keeps food longer and completely arrest the growth o% microorganisms and the ac? on of food enzymes. demoralise on the other hand does not completely arrest enzymes ac?on and bacteria growth. Food items preserved with this method are ? sh, meat, milk, fruits and vegetables C. Applica? on of high temperature this involves the destruc? on of food enzymes and microorganisms by hea? ng. Both enzymes and microorganisms are proteinous in nature and when they are change their protein becomes denatured and hence rendered inac? ve. This method can either be by pasteuriza? on, steriliza? on or blanching. I. Pasteuriza? on is the applica? on of disturb to foodstu% under 10oC. the objec? ves of the catch fire is not to drop all the microorganisms present in the food however only the pathogenic ones.Pasteuriza?on has a minimum e%ect on the nutri? onal proper? es of the food. It is commonly carried out in three forms. lower-ranking temperature long ? me (LTLT), High Temperature Short condemnation (HTST), Ultra High Temperature (UHT) in this process the hea? ng temperature is very high but the dura? on is very short e. g. milk can be het up(p) at 125. 25oC for 14 seconds. II. Steriliza? on is the heat treatment of food at a very high temperature. The objec? ve of steriliza? on is the destruc? on of all the microorganisms present in food. and then it is a more severe heat treatment of food than pasteuriza? on e. g. tomato puree, canned meat and ? sh etc. III. Blanching.